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RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Skull

A

22 bones

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2
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

6 bones

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3
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

1 bone

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4
Q

Vertebrae

A

26 bones

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5
Q

Thorax: Sternum and Ribs

A

25 bones

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6
Q

What is an Axial Skeleton composed of?

A

Skull, Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid Bone, Vertebrae, and Thoracic Cage

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7
Q

What is the total number of Axial Bones?

A

80

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8
Q

Bone Markings

A

reference for functionality of a certain bones

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9
Q

Articulating

A

attaches or articulates itself to another bone structure

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10
Q

What are the 3 Articulating bones?

A

Head, Condyle, and Facet

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11
Q

Head

A
  • enlarged end
  • found mostly in the long bones
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12
Q

Condyle

A

smooth rounded articular surface

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13
Q

Facet

A

smooth flattened surface

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14
Q

Non-Articulating

A
  • do not attach bones
  • attachment to muscles, nerves, and blood vessels
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15
Q

What are the 5 non-articulating bones?

A

Tuberosity, Process, Crest, Tubercle, and Line

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16
Q

Tuberosity

A

knob or enlargement

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17
Q

Process

A

prominent projection

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18
Q

Crest

A

prominent ridge or curvature

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19
Q

Tubercle

A
  • bump
  • small rounded projections
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20
Q

Line

A

embedded on bone surface

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21
Q

What are the 5 depression and opening bones?

A

Fossa, Foramen, Meatus, Fissure, and Sinus

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22
Q

Fossa

A
  • depression
  • where articulating bones attach
  • houses body structures and glands
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23
Q

Foramen

A
  • opening or hole
  • passageway of veins and arteries
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24
Q

Meatus

A

tunnel-like opening

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25
Q

Fissure

A

cleft

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26
Q

Sinus

A
  • cavity
  • spaces mostly located in skull
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27
Q

Calvarium

A
  • also known as cranium
  • superior aspect
  • step of 8 (sphenoid, temporal (2), ethmoid, parietal (2), occipital, and frontal)
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28
Q

Frontal bone

A
  • forms the forehead
  • superior part of orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa
  • contains sinuses
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29
Q

Squamous

A
  • forehead
  • most anterior part of frontal area
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30
Q

Supraorbital Margin

A
  • thickened part which lies under eyebrows
  • where the forehead ends
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31
Q

Supraorbital Foramen

A
  • passageway of the supraorbital artery (eyesight) and nerves
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32
Q

Glabella

A
  • region between supraorbital margin and supraorbital foramen
  • serves as a landmark for radiographic positioning
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33
Q

Parietal bone

A
  • location: superolateral
  • forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull
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34
Q

Sutures

A
  • wormian bones
  • interlocking joints of skull
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35
Q

Coronal Suture

A

parietal - frontal

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36
Q

Lambdoid Suture

A

parietal - occipital

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37
Q

Squamosal Suture

A

parietal - temporal

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38
Q

Sagittal Suture

A
  • interparietal
  • parietal - parietal
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39
Q

Temporal Bone

A
  • below parietal bone
  • forms inferolateral aspects of the skull
  • contribute to the middle cranial fossa
  • best viewed on lateral position
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40
Q

Zygomatic Process

A

contributes to the formation of cheek bones

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41
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A
  • zygomatic process of temporal bone meets zygomatic bone forming an arch
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42
Q

Zygoma

A

facial bone

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43
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

condylar process where the mandible articulates with mandibular fossa

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44
Q

Condylar Process

A

temporal; unstable

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45
Q

Mandibular Process

A

frontal; stable

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46
Q

External Auditory Meatus (EAM)

A
  • where sound enters the ear, enables soundwaves to reach eardrum
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47
Q

Petrous

A
  • much inferior
  • thickest
  • deep seated
  • houses the middle and internal ear cavities
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48
Q

Foramen of Petrous

A

small structure

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49
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A

supports temporal brain

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50
Q

Jugular Foramen

A
  • most lateral foramen
  • passageway of jugular vein
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51
Q

Carotid Canal

A
  • anterior to jugular foramen
  • transmits internal carotid artery into cranial cavity
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52
Q

Foramen Lacerum

A
  • between petrous temporal and sphenoid
  • most medial portion
  • prone to tearing
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53
Q

Internal Acoustic Meatus

A

transmits cranial nerves 7 and 8

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54
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A

maxillary nerve = passageway

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55
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

mandibular nerve = passageway

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56
Q

Foramen Spinosum

A
  • middle meningeal artery and vein
  • nervous spinosus
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57
Q

Mastoid Process

A
  • lump behind ear
  • acts as an anchoring site for some neck muscles
  • functions as attachment of neck muscles
58
Q

Mastoid Air Cells

A
  • has lots of air cavities
  • provides functions for sound resonance and thermoregulation
59
Q

Styloid Process

A

needle-like process for neck muscle and tongue muscle attachment

60
Q

Occipital Bone

A

forms most of skull’s posterior wall and base

61
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

supports cerebellum

62
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

largest foramen of the skull where spinal cord passes through

63
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

located on each lateral side of foramen magnum where C1 articulates

64
Q

External Occipital Protuberance

A

most bulging part of the posterior skull

65
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A
  • bat-shaped
  • keystone because it acts as a central wedge
66
Q

Body

A

forms the center of the sphenoid bone

67
Q

Hypophyseal Fossa of the Sella Turcica

A

houses pituitary gland

68
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

part of endocrine system

69
Q

Lesser wing

A
  • medial process
  • horn-like
70
Q

Greater wing

A

projects laterally

71
Q

Pterygoid process

A
  • interior portion
  • serves as attachment for pterygoid muscle for chewing
72
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
  • complex shape like sphenoid
  • helps form the anterior cranial fossa
  • forms part of nasal septum and lateral walls and roofs of nasal cavity
  • contributes to medial wall of orbit
73
Q

Cribiform Plate

A

flat plates that helps form root of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa

74
Q

Crista Galli

A

dura mater of brain is attached here, which secures brain in the cranial activity

75
Q

Perpendicular Plate

A
  • inferior portion
  • divides nasal cavity from right to left
  • visible from outside of skull
76
Q

What is the Cranial Base composed of?

A

Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae (2), Nasal (2), Maxilla (2), Mandible, Palatine (2), Zygoma (2), and Lacrimal (2)

77
Q

Mandible

A
  • lower jaw bone
  • forms chin and anchors lower teeth
  • largest and strongest bone of the face
  • condylar process
  • mandibular foramen
  • mental foramen
78
Q

Ramus

A

meets central body for chin formation

79
Q

Mandibular Angle

A

between ramus and body of mandible

80
Q

Mental Foramen

A

houses nerves for tooth sensation

81
Q

Maxilla

A
  • upper jaw bone and parts of hard plate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls
  • contains maxillary sinus
82
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

largest paranasal sinus

83
Q

Zygoma

A

forms cheeks and parts of the orbits

84
Q

Articulation of Zygoma

A

Maxilla, Frontal, and Temporal

85
Q

Nasal

A

forms bridge of nose

86
Q

Articulation of Nasal

A

Frontal, Maxilla, and Perpendicular plate

87
Q

Lacrimal Bone

A
  • fingernail-shaped structure
  • forms part of medial orbit wall
  • serves as passageway for tears to drain from the eye surface to nasal cavity
88
Q

Deep Groove

A
  • each lacrimal bone contains this
  • helps for the lacrimal fossa
89
Q

Lacrimal Fossa

A

houses lacrimal sac

90
Q

Palatine

A

forms posterior part of hard plate and small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls

91
Q

Horizontal Plates

A
  • joined at median palatine suture
  • complete the posterior portion of hard plate
92
Q

Perpendicular Plates

A

form part of posterolateral walls of nasal cavity and small parts of orbit

93
Q

Vomer

A
  • slender, plow-shaped, lies in the nasal cavity
  • forms part of nasal septum
94
Q

Inferior Nasal Conchae

A
  • paired inferior nasal conchae are thin, curved bones in nasal cavity
  • projets medially from lateral walls of nasal cavity, just inferior to middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bone
95
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

unique as it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone

96
Q

Auditory Ossicle

A

three bones in middle ear that are amongst the smallest bones in the human body

97
Q

What are the 3 bones in the middle ear?

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

98
Q

Malleus

A

hammer

99
Q

Incus

A

anvil

100
Q

Stapes

A
  • stirrup
  • smallest among all bones
101
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • backbone
  • 33 bones (infant)
  • 26 bones (adult)
102
Q

What are the 5 regions of vertebral column?

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic, (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (1-5); 5 for children = fused, and Coccygeal (1-4); 4 for children = fused

103
Q

General Structures

A

each vertebra consists of a body, or centrum = anteriorly and a vertebral arch = posteriorly

104
Q

Laminae

A

flattened plates that fuse in median plane, complete the arch posteriorly

105
Q

Pedicles

A

hort bony pillars projecting posteriorly from vertebral body, forms sides of arch

106
Q

What are the 3 types of processes?

A

Spinous process, Transverse process, Superior and Inferior articular facet

107
Q

Spinous process

A

median posterior projection arising at junction of two laminae

108
Q

Transverse process

A

extends laterally from each side of vertebral arch

109
Q

Superior and Inferior Articular Facet

A

protrude superiorly and inferiorly respectively from the pedicle - lamina junction

110
Q

Facets

A

bone markings

111
Q

What are the 4 types of curves?

A

Cervical lordosis, Thoracic kyphosis, Lumbar lordosis, and Sacral kyphosis

112
Q

Cervical Lordosis

A

Concave

113
Q

Thoracic Kyphosis

A

Convex

114
Q

Lumbar Lordosis

A

Concave

115
Q

Sacral Kyphosis

A

Convex

116
Q

C1

A
  • atlas
  • body: none
  • spinous process - none
  • has superior articular facets
  • “YES” (nodding)
117
Q

C2

A
  • axis
  • not as specialized as atlas
  • unique feature: knoblike dens
  • “NO”
118
Q

Dens

A

allows rotational movement side to side

119
Q

C3-C7

A
  • body: oval
  • spinous process: short and bifid
  • vertebral foramen = triangular
  • C7 - palpable (vertebra prominens)
120
Q

Bifid

A
  • has clefts or partition
121
Q

What are the 3 types of joints formed?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint, Atlanto-axial joint, and Zygapophyseal joint

122
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Atlas + Occipital condyles

123
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Atlas + Axis

124
Q

Zygapophyseal joint

A

superior articulating facet + inferior articulating facet

125
Q

T1-T12

A
  • body: heart shaped
  • spinous process = long and sharp
  • demifacets (costal facets)
  • transverse process (Y)
  • vertebral foramen = round
  • ribcage articulation
126
Q

L1-L5

A
  • body: massive kidney-shaped
  • spinous process = short and flat
  • pedicles and laminae = thicker and shorter
  • transverse process (T)
  • vertebral foramen = triangular
127
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • 25 bones
  • protects the vital organs in thorax
128
Q

what are the elements of the thoracic cage?

A

Thoracic vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum and Costal cartilages

129
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

posteriorly

130
Q

Ribs

A

laterally

131
Q

Sternum and Costal Cartilages

A

anteriorly

132
Q

What are the joints formed in the thoracic cage?

A

Costovertebral joints, Costochondral joints, Sternochondral joints, and Interchondral joints

133
Q

Costovertebral joints

A

Ribs + Vertebrae

134
Q

Costochondral joints

A

Ribs + Costal cartilages

135
Q

Sternochondral joints

A
  • Sternum + Costal cartilages
136
Q

Interchondral joints

A

False ribs costal cartilages

137
Q

Sternum

A
  • breastbone
  • lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
  • superior portion = manubrium
  • inferior protion = xiphoid process
138
Q

Ribs

A
  • 24 bones
  • 12 pairs
139
Q

True Ribs

A

7 pairs (1-7)

140
Q

False Ribs

A

5 pairs, last two ribs: floating ribs (8-12)

141
Q

8-10

A

attached to cartilages of true ribs

142
Q

11-12

A

floating ribs

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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