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RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • 126 bones
  • bones at the upper limb, lower limb, pectoral (upper body) and pelvic girdles (lower body) which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
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2
Q

Joints

A
  • joint or aticulation (permits movement)
  • place where two bones come together
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3
Q

Functional Classification

A

based on degree of motion

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4
Q

Synarthosis

A

Non-movable

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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6
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable

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7
Q

Structural Classification

A

based on type of connective tissue that binds the bone together

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8
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • two bones unified by fibrous tissue
  • exhibits little to no movement
  • suture
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9
Q

Syndesmosis

A

bones separated by distance but held together by ligament

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10
Q

Gomphosis

A

Held by ligament

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11
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • unites two bones by means of cartilage
  • permits slight movement
  • Synchindroses
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12
Q

Symphyses

A

fibrocartilage that is
stronger than hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • freely movable joints
  • contains synovial fluid in a cavity
    surrounding ends of articulating bones
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14
Q

Features of Synovial Bones

A
  • articular surface = covered by a thin layer of articular cartilage
  • joint cavity = filled with synovial fluid
  • synovial membrane = lines the joint cavity
    everywhere except articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane may extend as
    pocket or sac = Bursa
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15
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A
  • shoulder girdle
  • consists of 4 bones: 2 scapula, 2 clavicle attach the upper limb to body
  • allows free movement of upper limb
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16
Q

Clavicle

A
  • collar bone
  • S shape bones
  • can be felt along their entire course as they extend horizontally
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17
Q

Proximal end of Clavicle

A
  • attached to sternum
  • articulates with manubrium
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18
Q

First bone of Clavicle

A

To begin ossification

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19
Q

Last bone of Clavicle

A

To complete ossification

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20
Q

Sternal end of Clavicle

A

Flatter end

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21
Q

Distal end of Clavicle

A

Curve end

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22
Q

Scapula

A
  • shoulder blade
  • triangular, flat bone
  • serves as site for attachment for many
    muscles
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23
Q

Posterior portion of Scapula

A

Scapular portion

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24
Q

End of Scapula

A

Acromion process

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25
Q

Coracoid process of Scapula

A

Opposite

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26
Q

Anterior depression of Scapula

A

Fossa

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27
Q

Glenoid cavity of Scapula

A

Located laterally

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28
Q

Scapular border of Scapula

A

Superior, Medial, and Lateral

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29
Q

Scapular angles of Scapula

A

Superior, Lateral, and Inferior

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30
Q

What are the 3 Joint Synovial Articulations?

A

Sternal joint synovial, Acromial joint synovial, and Glenohumeral joint synovial

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31
Q

Sternal Joint Synovial

A

Saddle joint

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32
Q

Acromial Joint Synovial

A

Plane/gliding joint

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33
Q

Glenohumeral Joint Synovial

A

Ball and socket joint

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34
Q

Wrist

A
  • carpal
  • short region between forearm and hand
  • contains 8 irregular bones arranged in
    two rows of four bones each and form
    a light curvature (carpal tunnel)
  • proximal = lateral to medial
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35
Q

What are the proximal row of carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform

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36
Q

Scaphold

A
  • boat-like
  • common site of fracture
  • 70% of all carpal fractures
  • anatomical snuff box
37
Q

Lunate

A

Moon shaped

38
Q

Triquetrum

A

Three cornered

39
Q

Pisiform

A
  • pea shaped
  • sesamoid bone
40
Q

What are the distal row of carpal bones?

A

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate

41
Q

Trapezium

A

Four sided figures

42
Q

Trapezoid

A

Moon shaped

43
Q

Capitate

A
  • head shaped
  • largest carpal bone at the center of
44
Q

Hamate

A
  • hooked
  • wedged shaped with a curved palpable
    hook
45
Q

What are the 2 carpal joint articulations?

A

Radio-carpal joint and Intercarpal joint

46
Q

Radio-carpal joint

A

proximally = scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius forming the wrist joint

47
Q

Intercarpal Joint

A
  • between carpals
  • distal row = all carpal bones articulate
    with the metacarpals
48
Q

Hand

A
  • includes palm (metacarpals) and fingers (phalanges)
  • counting (numbered from 1-5) = thumb to pinky (lateral to medial)
49
Q

Metacarpals

A
  • attached to the carpals
  • forms the bony frameworks of the hand
  • ends or heads of five metacarpals
    forms the knuckles
  • each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft, and head
  • medial and lateral surfaces = concave, allowing attachment of interossei muscles
50
Q

Phalanges

A
  • each finger is composed of three small bones = proximal, middle, distal phalanx (according to position)
  • thumb = two phalanges, proximal, distal
51
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • hip bones / os coxae
  • attaches lower limb to the axial skeleton
  • consists of 2 coxal bones or hip bones
    (innominate bone)
  • each coxal bone is formed by 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, pubis
52
Q

Ilium

A
  • superior region
  • widest and largest flaring bone
53
Q

Ischium

A
  • inferior and posterior
  • composed of body, inferior ramus,
    superior ramus
54
Q

Ischial Tuberosities

A
  • sitting bones
  • received body weight when sitting
55
Q

Pubis

A
  • anterior and inferior
  • most anterior portion of hip bone
  • composed of body, superior ramus,
    inferior ramus
56
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

articulation with sacrum

57
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

articulation between left and right hip
bones

58
Q

Hip Joint

A

articulation with head of femur

59
Q

Female Pelvis

A

Wider

60
Q

Male Pelvis

A

Larger

61
Q

What are the bones that the lower limb consist of?

A

Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal (7), Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14)

62
Q

Thigh

A

Region between hip and knee

63
Q

Proximal of thigh

A

Head (medial)

64
Q

Superior of thigh

A

Greater trochanter

65
Q

Inferior of thigh

A

Lesser trochanter

66
Q

Anterior of thigh

A

Left side

67
Q

Femur

A
  • only bone in thigh
  • longest bone in body
  • divided into three parts: proximal, shaft,
    distal
68
Q

Patella

A
  • triangular sesamoid bone
  • enclosed in the tendon (quadriceps) that secures anterior thigh muscle to tibia
  • largest sesamoid bone
  • APEX = anterior and inferior
69
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • hinge type synovial joint
  • allows for flexion and extension (and a
    small degree of medial and lateral
    rotation)
  • formed by articulations between patella,
    femur, tibia
70
Q

Tibiofemoral

A

Hinge

71
Q

Patellofemoral

A

Plane/gliding

72
Q

Leg

A
  • region between knee and ankle
  • contains two parallel bones =
    tibia (medial side) and fibula (lateral side)
73
Q

Tibia

A
  • shin bone
  • bigger
  • medial side
  • superior portion = larger
  • main bone of lower leg
  • receives weight of body from femur and
    transmits it to foot
74
Q

Fibula

A
  • stickline bone with slightly expanded ends
  • smaller
  • lateral side
  • muscle attachment
75
Q

Proximal and Distal Tibiofibular Joints

A
  • two articulations between tibia and fibula
  • has minimal function of movement
  • greater role in stability and
    weight-bearing
76
Q

Ankle Joint

A
  • talocrural joint
  • is a synovial joint (hinge)
  • located in lower limb
  • formed by bones of leg (tibia & fibula)
    and foot (talus)
77
Q

Foot

A
  • includes tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
  • arranged and numbered starting from
    hallux
78
Q

Ankle

A
  • tarsal bones
  • set of seven irregularly shaped bones
  • organized to three rows: proximal,
    intermediate, distal
79
Q

What are the 2 proximal of tarsal bones?

A

Tallus and Calcaneus

80
Q

Tallus

A
  • proximal
  • most superior
  • transmits weight of entire body to foot
81
Q

Calcaneus

A
  • proximal
  • largest tarsal bone
  • constitutes the heel
82
Q

Navicular

A
  • intermediate
  • boat shaped
83
Q

Cuboid

A
  • distal
  • cuboidal in shape
84
Q

Lateral Middle (intermediate) and Medial Cuneiforms

A
  • wedge shaped bones
  • helps form a transverse arch across foot
85
Q

Phalanges

A
  • 14 bones of toes
  • second to fifth = proximal, middle,
    distal
  • great toe = proximal and distal
  • smaller than those of hand
86
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • 5 long bones
  • convex dorsally
  • consists of head, neck, shaft, base
  • numbered from 1-5, medial to lateral
  • longer than metacarpal bones
87
Q

Arches of the feet

A
  1. medial longitudinal arch
  2. lateral longitudinal arch
  3. anterior transverse arch
    - all are shaped by metatarsal and tarsal
    bones
    - braced by tendons and ligaments of foot
88
Q

Medial arch

A

higher of two longitudinal arches

89
Q

Subtalar Joint

A
  • articulation between two of tarsal bones: talus and calcaneus
  • classed structurally and functionally as a plane synovial joint

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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