Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular System

A
  • system of the human body that provides motor power for all movements of the body
  • composed for specialized cells: myocytes or muscle fibers
  • CYTE = cell
  • MYO = muscle
  • more than 700 muscles in the body
  • 639 known muscles with names
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of Muscular System

A
  1. Movement of the body
  2. Maintenance of Posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of Body Heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of Organs and Vessels
  7. Contraction of the Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiration

A
  • allows expansion of lung
  • through the diaphragm (inhalation: depresses down)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Production of Body Heat

A
  • shivering (interaction of muscles)
  • any type of movement would
    produce heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Communication

A

verbal and non-verbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Contraction of the Heart

A

muscle (hardest working muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • constitutes approx. 40% of body weight
  • attached to skeletal muscle
  • voluntary: needs stimulus from CNS
  • striated
  • controlled by somatic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • location: HEART only
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • controlled by
    autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • constricts
  • found on visceral hollow organs
    (stomach, trachea,
    urinary bladder)
  • involuntary
  • not striated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contractility

A
  • muscle’s ability to shorten forcefully
  • contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Excitability

A

muscle’s ability to respond to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extensibility

A

stretch beyond / extend muscle from normal resting stage and still be able to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Elasticity

A

muscle’s ability to recoil to its original length after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tendon

A
  • attachment between muscles and bone matrix
  • protein fibers of the three layers merge at the ends of most muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epimysium

A
  • connective tissue
    surrounding entire
    muscle
  • EPI: above
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Perimysium

A
  • connective tissue around muscle fascicles
  • FASCICLES: muscle
    fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Endomysium

A
  • connective tissue
    around muscle cells
  • ENDO: outside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Anatomy

A
  • unique cells with several nuclei
  • under the cell membrane
  • LENGTH: ranges from 1 mm - 4 cm
  • increases in size
  • can vary in length depending on body positions
  • alternating light and dark bands = gives striated or striped appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell memberane of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transverse tubules

A
  • t tubules
  • tube-like fold of sarcolemma
  • carries electrical impulses to center of muscle fibers so that it contracts as a whole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • highly specialized
    endoplasmic reticulum
  • stores high level of Calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Terminal Cisterna

A

enlarged portion = formation of Terminal cisterna forms triads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myofibrils

A
  • thread-like structures
  • extend the entire length of muscle fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Myofilaments

A
  • arranged into highly ordered units = sarcomeres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Actin Myofilament

A
  • thin myofilaments
  • proteins: actin, troponin, tropomyosin
  • pearl-like structures
  • relationship among Troponin and Tropomyosin = determines when skeletal muscle will contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • long fibrous proteins
  • lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand
  • covers attachment site
    during muscle relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Troponin

A
  • anchors troponin to actin
  • prevents tropomyosin from uncovering attachment site during muscle relaxation
  • binds Calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Attachment Site

A
  • if Calcium is not present = muscle relaxation = tropomyosin covers attachment site
  • Calcium present = muscle contraction = attachment site = binds troponin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Myosin Myofilament

A
  • thick filament
  • composed of many elongated myosin molecules shaped like
    golf clubs
  • MYOSIN MOLECULES =
    consists of rod portion
    and two myosin heads
  • CONTRACTION = attachment site = binded by head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Myosin Molecules

A

consists of rod portion
and two myosin heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Contraction

A

attachment site = binded by head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Properties of Myosin Heads

A
  1. binds active sites of actin molecules to form cross bridges to contract the muscles
  2. head binds to rod portion by a hinge region that bends and straightens during contraction
  3. breaks down ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sarcomeres

A
  • structural and functional unit of muscles
  • smallest portion of muscle that can contract
  • enlarged portion = terminal cisterna = formation of TC forms a triad
  • actin and myosin are arranged in highly ordered units = sarcomeres
  • arrangement of myosin and actin = gives skeletal muscle its microscopic striated appearance
  • each sarcomere = has a precise boundary
  • extends from Z disk to the next Z disk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Z disk

A
  • forms a stationary anchor for actin myofilaments
  • connection of 1
    sarcomere to another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

I band

A
  • lighter region
  • actin myofilaments only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A band

A
  • darker region
  • both actin and myosin
    myofilament (overlapping center except in the center)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

H zone

A

myosin myofilament only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

M line

A

holds myosin filaments in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A
  • muscle fiber contracts = actin and myosin myofilament = slide past one another = shorten sarcomere
  • contracted or not = myosin length = doesn’t change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Relaxed Sarcomere

A
  • H zone = visible
  • actin and myosin myofilament = overlaps
    slightly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Contracted Sarcomere

A
  • H zone = disappears / no longer visible (because of pulling of actin myofilament)
  • A band = same length of myosin filament = does not change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What stimulates the sarcomere to shorten

A
  • excitability of muscle fiber
  • action potential = travels from brain to spinal cord to along axons = muscle fibers = causes them to contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Neuromuscular Junction Structure

A
  • synapse
  • every muscle = has neuromuscular junction from brain or spinal cord
  • ACETYLCHOLINE = primary stimulus for action potential = inside synaptic vesicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Do muscles have electrical properties

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ion channels

A

contributes to the electrical charge of both resting and stimulated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Gated

A
  • most important in stimulated cell
  • governs production of action potential
  • has opening
  • needs specific molecules to open (key)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Leak

A
  • open
  • ions (Potassium) = freely leaks out
  • specific for particular ions
  • resting cells = leak ion channels = allow for
    slow leak of ions down their concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • negatively charged cell = more K link than Na link channels
  • inside: POTASSIUM (K): dominant
  • outside: SODIUM (Na): dominant
  • potassium = greater (inside) to lesser
    (outside) = out of cell = negative
  • sodium-potassium pump = responsible for maintaining balance = 2 K going in from outside and 1 Na going out from inside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Action Potential

A
  • comes from somatic nervous system
  • positively charged
  • cell = stimulated = charge reverse
  • GATED CHANNELS = opens because of
    stimulus
  • inside: SODIUM (Na): dominant
  • outside: POTASSIUM (K): dominant
  • Na = greater (outside) to lesser (inside) =
    makes charge inside positive
  • action potential = 1 milliseconds to few
    milliseconds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Na channels needs K channels to begin to open
  • inward movement of Na = makes inside membrane positive
  • gated channels = will only open once stimulated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na channels close and additional K channels open
  • Na movement into cell stops
  • K movement out of cell increases
  • K channels = opens = negative charge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Muscle Contraction

A
  1. Action potential travels along an axon membrane to a neuromuscular junction
  2. Calcium channels open and Calcium enters presynaptic terminal
  3. Acetylcholine is released from presynaptic vesicle
  4. Acetylcholine stimulates Sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane to open
  5. Na diffuses into muscle fiber, initiating action potential that travels along sarcolemma and T-tubule membranes
  6. Action potentials in T-tubule cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Calcium
  7. On the actin, Calcium binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin attachment sites
  8. ATP molecules are broken down to ADP and P, which releases energy needed to move myosin heads
  9. Heads of myosin myofilaments bend, causing actin to slide past the myosin. As long as Calcium is present, the cycle repeats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Calcium

A

important for muscle contraction and relaxation

54
Q
  1. Action potential travels along an axon membrane to a neuromuscular junction
A
  • action potential causes = gated calcium channels to cell membrane
55
Q
  1. Calcium channels open and Calcium enters presynaptic terminal
A

Calcium = goes in from greater (outside) to lesser (inside) from synaptic vesicles = stimulates release of acetylcholine

56
Q
  1. Acetylcholine stimulates Sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane to open
A
  • acetylcholine = stimulates Na channels
  • process: exocytosis
57
Q
  1. Action potentials in T-tubule cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Calcium
A
  • release of acetylcholine (gated channel for Sodium) = goes to synaptic cleft
  • Sodium - T-tubules - sarcoplasmic
    reticulum = releases calcium
  • action potential needs to travel = muscle moves as one
58
Q
  1. ATP molecules are broken down to ADP and P, which releases energy needed to move myosin heads
A
  • presence of calcium: head - ATP - ADP+P - head - contraction
59
Q

When do muscles stop contracting?

A

when motor neuron end release the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase that rapidly breakdown Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft to choline and acetic acid

60
Q

Why is our movement precise?

A

because of the presence of Acetylcholinesterase synthesized to acetyl acid and choline in the cleft, where axons will absorb to make acetylcholine

61
Q

Isometric Contractions

A
  • muscle do not shorten
  • increases tension in muscle
  • length of muscle = stays the same
62
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A
  • muscles shorten
  • length of muscle = decreases
63
Q

Concentric

A
  • muscles shortens = increase in tension
64
Q

Eccentric

A
  • tension = maintained in muscle
  • opposing resistance = great enough to cause muscle to increase in length
65
Q

Circular

A
  • arranged in a circle around an opening
  • acts as sphincters = to close the opening
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Orbicularis oculi
66
Q

Convergent

A
  • triangular
  • broadly distributed fascicle
  • converge at a single tendon
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
67
Q

Parallel

A
  • trapezium (trapezius)
  • rhomboidal (rhomboideus) = oblique
  • quadrate (rectus abdominis)
  • fascicles lie parallel to one another and to
    the long axis of muscle
68
Q

Pennate

A

fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of entire muscle

69
Q

Unipennate

A
  • fascicles only one side of tendon
  • Palmar interosseous
  • Semimembranosus
70
Q

Bipennate

A
  • fascicles both sides of tendon
  • Rectus femoris
71
Q

Multipennate

A
  • fascicles arranged at many places around
    central tendon
  • spread out at angles to many smaller
    tendons
  • Deltoid
72
Q

Deltoid

A

usual side of injection

73
Q

Fusiform

A
  • fascicle lie parallel to long axis of muscle
  • belly of muscle = most expanded portion
    = larger in diameter than ends
  • Biceps brachii (two-headed; shown)
  • Triceps brachii (three-headed)
74
Q

End of skeletal muscle

A

immovable or fixed part at a movable joint

75
Q

Origin

A

less movable end of muscle

76
Q

Insertion

A

more movable end of muscle

77
Q

Belly

A
  • expanded part of muscle
  • part of muscle between origin and insertion
78
Q

Muscles of the Head and Neck

A
  1. Facial expression
  2. Mastication
  3. Movement of tongue
  4. Swallowing
  5. Voice production
  6. Eye movements
  7. Movement of head and neck
79
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

closes the eyes

80
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

closes and protrudes lips

81
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

raises eyebrows

82
Q

Buccinator

A

compresses cheeks inward

83
Q

Levator Labii Superioris

A

depresses angle of mouth

84
Q

Zygomaticus

A
  • smiling muscle
  • raises corner of mouth
85
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

depresses corner of mouth

86
Q

Masseter

A

chewing

87
Q

Pterygoid

A

elevation and depression of mandible

88
Q

Genioglossus

A

depresses tongue

89
Q

Hyoglossus

A

between genioglossus and styloglossus

90
Q

Styloglossus

A

elevates tongue

91
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

rotates head; flex neck

92
Q

Trapezius

A

extends and laterally flex neck

93
Q

Scalene

A
  • laterally rotates neck
  • assists in breathing by elevating 1st & 2nd rib
94
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavity;
moves during quiet breathing; elevates thoracic floor

95
Q

External Intercostal

A

elevates ribs for inspiration

96
Q

Internal Intercostal

A

depresses ribs during forced expiration

97
Q

Linea Alba

A

tendinous area which consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle

98
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

center of abdomen; compresses abdomen; flexes vertebral column

99
Q

External and Internal Abdominal Oblique

A

compresses abdomen; flexes and rotates vertebral column

100
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

compresses abdomen

101
Q

Erector Spinae Muscles

A

extends vertebral column

102
Q

Deep Back Muscles

A

extends vertebral column; bends vertebral column laterally

103
Q

Levator Ani

A

supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera

104
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

constricts urethra; erects penis and clitoris

105
Q

Ischiocavernosus

A

compresses base of penis or base of clitoris

106
Q

External Anal Sphincter

A

keep anal orifice closed

107
Q

Muscles of the upper limb

A
  1. Scapular movements
  2. Arm movements
  3. Forearm movements
  4. Supination and Pronation
  5. Wrist and Finger movements
108
Q

Scapular Movement

A
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus Anterior
  • Trapezius
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboids
109
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

forms upper chest

110
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

swimmers muscle

111
Q

Deltoid

A

rounded mass of shoulder

112
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

extends elbow

113
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

flexes elbow and shoulder

114
Q

Brachialis

A

flexes elbow

115
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

primary flexor of elbow

116
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

primary extensor of elbow

117
Q

Hand Movements (extensors)

A
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
  • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
  • Extensor Digitorum
118
Q

Hand Movements (flexors)

A
  • Flexor Carpi Radialis
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  • Palmaris Longus
  • Flexor Digitorum Profundus
  • Flexor Pollicis Longus
119
Q

Muscles of the lower limb

A
  1. Thigh movements
  2. Leg movements
  3. Ankle movements
  4. Toe movements
120
Q

Iliopsoas

A

flexes hips

121
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

abducts and laterally rotates thigh

122
Q

Gluteus Medius

A

abducts and medially rotates thigh; injection site

123
Q

Tensor Fasciae Latae

A

steadies femur on tibia through iliotibial tract when standing

124
Q

Quadriceps Femoris

A
  • primary extensors of knee
  • Rectus Femoris
  • Vastus Lateralis
  • Vastus Medialis
  • Vastus Intermedius
125
Q

Sartorius

A

longest muscle; tailor’s muscle

126
Q

Adductor Muscles

A
  • adducting thigh
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor Magnus
  • Gracilis
127
Q

Hamstring Muscles

A
  • flexing knee
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
128
Q

Posterior

A
  • plantar flexion of foot
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
129
Q

Anterior

A
  • Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Extensor Hallucis Longus
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Fibularis Anterior
130
Q

Lateral

A
  • everters
  • Fibularis brevis
  • Fibularis longus

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions