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RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A
  • master controlling system of the body
  • Controls everything
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2
Q

Sensory Input

A
  • sensory receptors receives all information from external environment
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3
Q

Integration

A
  • gathered information will be processed and interpreted
  • phase where you decide what to do with a particular information
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4
Q

Motor Input

A
  • nervous system will receive the processed information
  • effector organs will be activated through motor input
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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • integration part
  • integrating and control center of nervous system
  • processes all the information received from external environment to be able to produce action or reaction
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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • nerves and ganglia
  • communication part
  • communication pathway that links all body parts to CNS
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7
Q

What are the 2 divisions in PNS?

A

Sensory division and Motor division

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8
Q

Sensory Division

A
  • afferent
  • carrying towards CNS
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9
Q

Motor Division

A
  • efferent
  • carrying away from CNS towards effector organ
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10
Q

Somatic

A

CNS - impulses - skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Autonomic

A

CNS - impulses - visceral muscle (muscles with involuntary movement)

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12
Q

What are the 2 types that are under autonomic?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
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13
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cells
  • structural unit of nervous system
  • conducts impulses
  • receives stimuli
  • conducts action potential
  • transmits signals to other neuron or effector organs
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14
Q

What are the 4 parts of neurons?

A

Cell body, Dendrites, Axon, and Myelin sheath

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15
Q

Cell Body

A
  • perikaryon or soma
  • biosynthetic center of neuron
  • contains all organelles needed to synthesize protein
  • contains single nucleus
    = source of information for gene expression
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16
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receptive region
  • provides area for receiving all signals from other neurons
  • short, highly branching cytoplasmic extensions
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17
Q

Axon

A
  • impulse-generating
  • generates nerve impulses then transmits it away from cell body
  • accounts for entire length of neuron (nerve fiber)
  • single cell process
    extending from cell body to
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18
Q

Axon Hillock

A

area where axon leaves neuron cell body

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19
Q

Collateral Axons

A

branch of axons

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20
Q

Axon Terminal

A

end part, secretory region which releases impulses in form of neurotransmitters (chemical which carries impulse to effector organs)

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21
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • formed by Schwann cells
  • specialized layers that wrap around axons of some neurons
  • blue capsule-like structures, electrical insulators
  • increases transmission of impulses in regards to their speed
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22
Q

Axon

A

= unmyelinated = slower process of conducting impulses

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23
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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24
Q

Structural Class

A

neuron type according to number of processes extending from cell body

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25
Q

Multipolar

A
  • many dendrites
  • single axon
  • FUNCTION: interneurons (conduct impulses within CNS)
  • some neurons are motor neurons
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26
Q

Bipolar

A
  • one dendrite
  • one axon
  • found mostly in sense organs
  • FUNCTION: sensory neurons (transmit signals to brain or CNS)
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27
Q

Unipolar

A
  • pseudounipolar
  • single axon
  • FUNCTION: sensory neurons towards CNS through sensory receptors
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28
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • neuroglia
  • protects and supports structure of nervous system
  • primarily supportive cells of CNS and PNS
  • do not conduct action potential
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29
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • SHAPE: sea anemone
  • braces and anchors neurons to its supply line for it to receive adequate nourishment for survival
  • structural support
  • neural signaling
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30
Q

Microglial Cells

A
  • monitors health of nearby neurons
  • protects CNS from infection
  • transforms as specialized form of macrophage to phagocytize microorganisms
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31
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • ciliated cells
  • assists in movement of fluid: cerebrospinal fluid within brain and spinal cord
  • line with fluid-filled cavities within CNS
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32
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

A
  • both enclose unmyelinated axons in CNS
  • FUNCTION: formation of myelin sheath
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33
Q

Synapse

A
  • Junction where the axon terminal of neuron meets with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ
  • ROLE: site where electrical nerve impulses are transmitted between two structures
  • Communication between the two neurons:
    chemical communications
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34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • chemical substance
  • acts as a chemical messenger
  • relays particular impulse from one neuron to
    another or from one cell to an effector organ
  • Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
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35
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • enclosed in spine
  • extends from foramen magnum to L2
  • inferior end of spinal cord = cauda equina (resembles as horse’s tail)
  • FUNCTION: center of reflex, provides tracts to carry information to brain, transmit motor instruction to muscles or glands
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36
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

information towards brain

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37
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A
  • pain, temperature, touch, pressure, tickle,
    itch
  • spinal cord to thalamus of brain
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38
Q

Dorsal Column

A

Deep pressure and vibrations

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39
Q

Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • proprioception and awareness to movement and body position
  • spinal cord to cerebellum of brain
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40
Q

Descending Tracts

A

brain - spinal cord - effector organ

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41
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A
  • Controls skeletal muscle movements
  • cerebral cortex to spinal cord
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42
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

motor impulses to limbs for movements

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43
Q

Reticulospinal Tract

A

maintains posture when body is in motion

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44
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

impulses to limbs, neck, back and maintains upright posture

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45
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

relays impulses to muscle of head and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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46
Q

Anterior Median Fissure and Posterior Median Fissure

A

partially divides spinal cord from right and left portion

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47
Q

White Matter

A
  • superficial
  • embedded with myelinated axons
  • location of ascending and descending tracts
  • FUNICULI (posterior funiculus, lateral
    funiculus, anterior funiculus) - where several fiber tracts are located
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48
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • deep the spinal cord
  • consists of neural cell bodies and interneurons
  • HORNS (posterior horn, lateral horn, anterior horn)
  • arise along the spinal cord which forms the union of dorsal and ventral roots
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49
Q

Mixed Nerves

A

spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neuron

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50
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves

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51
Q

Three major plexuses

A
  • Cervical
  • Brachial
  • Lumbosacral
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52
Q

Brainstem

A
  • vital function (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)
  • most interior of the brain
  • connected with spinal cord
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53
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • most inferior portion of brainstem
  • respiratory and cardiac center
  • vomiting, hiccups, sneezing
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54
Q

Pyramids of Medulla Oblongata

A

contains descending tracts

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55
Q

Pons

A
  • near medulla oblongata
  • cooperated with medulla oblongata for respiratory functions
  • chewing and salivation
  • contains relay nuclei between cerebrum and cerebellum
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56
Q

Midbrain

A
  • smallest region of brainstem
  • contains the four mounds = “Corpora
    quadrigemina” or “colliculi”
  • center for virtual and auditory reflexes
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57
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Visual

58
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Auditory

59
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • cauliflower-like structure
  • FUNCTION: body movement, balance, posture (motor functions)
  • provides instructions to cerebrum to perform functions
60
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

structure of cerebellum attached to brainstem

61
Q

Superior (Cerebellum)

A

midbrain

62
Q

Middle (Cerebellum)

A

pons

63
Q

Inferior (Cerebellum)

A

medulla oblongata

64
Q

Vermis

A

connects two cerebellar hemispheres

65
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

distinctive pattern of white matter which resembles as a branching tree

66
Q

Diencephalon

A

between brainstem and cerebrum

67
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • emotional and visceral response to odors - consists of pineal gland (excretion of
    melatonin)
  • small area superior and posterior to thalamus
  • sleep-wake cycle
68
Q

Thalamus

A
  • 80% of diencephalon
  • relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation
  • functions for raw information (not yet processed)
  • influences mood and registers and unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
69
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • vital for maintaining homeostasis
  • regulates temperature, hunger, thirst,
  • sensation
  • nervous perspiration
  • most inferior part of diencephalon
70
Q

Limbic System

A

heart of the brain

71
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • 83% of brain mass
  • largest part of brain
  • conscious mind
  • interpretation of information, sensation, comprehension
72
Q

Left and Right Hemisphere

A

divided by longitudinal fissure

73
Q

Gyri

A

numerous folds of hemisphere separated by sulci

74
Q

Sulci

A

intervening grooves

75
Q

What are the 4 lobes in the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

76
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • controls voluntary motor functions
  • aggression, mood, smell
77
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

received visual input

78
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • evaluate sensory inputs
  • touch, pain, pressure, temperature, taste
79
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing, smell, memory

80
Q

What are the 3 that are under meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid Layer, and Pia mater

81
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough mother, superficial, thickest layer

82
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

2nd layer, resembles like spider web extensions

83
Q

Pia Mater

A

gentle mother, 3rd layer, clings to brain surface

84
Q

Ventricles

A

fluid-filled cavities

85
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

cerebral hemispheres

86
Q

Third Ventricles

A

diencephalon

87
Q

Fourth Ventricles

A

base of cerebellum

88
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

midbrain

89
Q

Central Canal

A

spinal cord

90
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

within five ventricles, allows production of cerebrospinal fluid within structures

91
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • CSF
  • forms a liquid that cushions entire CNS
  • gives buoyancy to CNS (ability of brain to float in the skull)
  • 97% of weight it can give if no CSF is produced
  • formed in choroid plexus in ventricles
  • 500ml of CSF is produced to protect entire CNS daily
  • exits through fourth ventricle and re enters blood through arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus
92
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • designated by Roman numerals (I-XII)
  • categorized into: sensory and motor
93
Q

Sensory function

A

towards CNS

94
Q

Motor function

A

bringing motor to effector
organ

95
Q

Mixed

A

both sensory and motor

96
Q

Reflex

A
  • involuntary reaction to stimulus applied to periphery and transmitted to CNS
  • saves us from dangerous stimuli
  • fast, automatic, involuntary
  • occurs without our conscious mind
  • mostly associated with pain
  • information detected by sensory receptors will be integrated to either spinal cord or lower center of brain
97
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  • functional unit of nervous system
  • carries out reflexes
  • depicts how reflex process happens in body
98
Q

Sensory Receptors

A
  • site of stimulus action
  • activates when triggered by a stimulus which produces action potential
99
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • afferent division
  • transmits sensory impulses towards CNS
100
Q

Integration Center

A
  • CNS (mostly spinal cord, lower center of brain)
  • integration of afferent neuron
101
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • efferent division
  • CNS will synapse with motor neuron which will conduct efferent impulses towards effector organs
102
Q

Efferent Organ

A

muscle or organ

103
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A
  • involves two or more synapses of neurons
  • type of reflex present with
    interneuron
104
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A
  • activation of pain receptors
  • sensory neurons carries the afferent impulses
  • sensory neuron will synapse -
    interneurons - motor neurons (polysynaptic)
  • efferent impulses will be carried by motor neuron to muscle
105
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex

A
  • no interneuron involved
  • direct communication of sensory and motor neuron
106
Q

Knee-Jerk Reflex

A
  • patellar reflex
  • stretch reflex
  • sensory receptors activation
  • sensory neurons carries afferent impulses
  • sensory neurons
    will synapse to motor neurons (monosynaptic)
  • efferent impulses will be carried by motor neurons to
    muscle
107
Q

Relay Neuron

A
  • Interneuron
  • relays information from one neuron to another
  • often occurs when sensation is associated
  • GOAL: sense sensation
    towards brain
108
Q

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

A
  • receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the left half of the body
109
Q

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

A
  • receives sensory input from and controls muscular activity in the right half of the body
110
Q

Commisures

A
  • connection between two hemispheres
  • plays a crucial role in
    facilitating communication between two cerebral hemispheres
111
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

largest commisure

112
Q

Decussation

A
  • crossing of right and left corticospinal tract
  • crossing over of nerve fibers or tracts from one side of body to another
  • often in diagonal or criss cross pattern
113
Q

Speech

A
  • cerebral cortex: speech area
  • left hemisphere of brain plays a dominant role in speech and language functions
114
Q

Sensory Speech

A
  • wernickie’s area
  • located in parietal lobe
  • responsible for
    understanding speech
115
Q

Motor

A
  • broca’s area
  • located in frontal lobe
  • responsible for
    producing speech
116
Q

Electroencephalogram

A
  • EEG
  • recording device
  • records brain’s electrical activity
117
Q

Delta wave

A
  • deep sleep
  • unconsciousness
118
Q

Theta wave

A
  • sleep states during
    rapid eye movement
    phase
119
Q

Alpha wave

A

wakefulness in a relaxed face

120
Q

Beta wave

A
  • heightened mental activity
  • alertness
121
Q

Gamma wave

A
  • intense concentration
  • cognitive processing
122
Q

Working memory

A
  • lasts only few seconds to minutes
  • task associated memory
  • information introduced in the middle of task
123
Q

Short term memory

A
  • can be retained for
    few minutes to few
    days
  • more retention
  • happens when you’re
    required to memorize or remember information
124
Q

Long term memory

A

can be retained permanently

125
Q

Consolidation

A

consolidate all
short-term memory so it can turn to long-term memory

126
Q

Declarative

A

names or people, places, etc.

127
Q

Procedural

A

motor skills

128
Q

Limbic system

A
  • influences long term declarative memory
  • helps identify, interpret, respond to stimuli and
    experiences
  • visceral response to
    emotions
  • motivation, mood, punishment, seeking reward
129
Q

Amygdala

A

central to processing and regulation of emotions

130
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

comprises motor neurons that carry action potential from CNS to periphery of visceral organs

131
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

carries impulses processed by CNS

132
Q

Autonomic Ganglion

A

relay center that contains cell body of neurons, where information from CNS are altered, filtered, amplified

133
Q

Ganglia

A

where preganglionic and postganglionic meets and synapse with each other

134
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • ganglia are near preganglionic bodies
  • responses to stressful situations
  • flight or fight responses
  • increases heart rate, respiratory rate,
    glucose, pupil
    dilation
  • acetylcholine and norepinephrine or adrenaline rush
135
Q

Preganglionic

A

upper part of spinal cord
(thoracic and upper lumbar region)

136
Q

Ganglia

A

near spinal cord

137
Q

Postganglionic

A

sympathetic
chain ganglia (near the spine) or collateral ganglia (near organs in abdomen)

138
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • ganglia are near effector organs
  • responses to relaxing situations
  • rest and digest
  • most active during calm and non stressful situations
  • SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation,
    urination, defecation, digestion)
139
Q

Preganglionic

A

linked to certain
cranial and sacral nerves

140
Q

Ganglia

A

close to organs they control

141
Q

Postganglionic

A
  • terminal ganglia (near or within target organs)
  • acetylcholine only

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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