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RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • sewerage system of the body - considered as part of both circulatory and immune systems
  • plays a role in maintaining homeostasis whether by regulating fluid balance and protecting body against diseases
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2
Q

Maintenance of Fluid

A
  • about 30 liters of fluid pass from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces whereas only 27L pass from interstitial spaces back to capillaries
  • the extra 3L of interstitial fluid remained in the interstitial spaces
  • the 3L of fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries. once inside the lymphatic capillaries = fluid = lymph, passes through lymphatic vessel to return to the blood
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3
Q

Liquid Absorption

A
  • lymphatic vessels that is in the lining of small intestines = lacteals = absorbs lipids and other substances
  • lipids enter lacteals and pass through lymphatic vessels to venous circulation. lymph passing through lymphatic vessel appears white because of its lipid
    content = chyle
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4
Q

Defense

A

pathogens (microorganisms and other foreign substances) = filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen

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5
Q

Lymphocytes

A

specialized cell of
lymphatic system = capable of destroying pathogens

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6
Q

Lymph

A
  • fluid that flows through lymphatic system
  • majority of volume (around 95%) = water
  • remaining 5% = proteins, lipids,
    carbohydrates, ions, cells (lymphocytes)
  • may vary depending on where in the body
    the lymph is produced
  • average adult produces between 3-4 liters
    of lymphatic fluid each day
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7
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels

A

carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system

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8
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A
  • tiny closed ended vessel
  • consists of simple squamous epithelium
  • more permeable to blood capillaries
  • lacks basement membrane
  • overlapping squamous cells = acts as
    valves that prevents backflow of fluid
    LIQUID ABSORPTION
    lymphatic vessels that is in the lining of small intestines = lacteals = absorbs lipids and other substances
    lipids enter lacteals and pass
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9
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • lymphatic capillaries joins to form larger lymphatic vessels
  • small lymphatic vessels have a beaded appearance because of one-way valves that are similar to the valves of veins
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10
Q

Right Subclavian Vein

A

upper right limb, right half of head, neck, chest forms right lymphatic duct

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11
Q

Left Subclavian Vein

A

rest of the body which enters through thoracic duct

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12
Q

Tonsils

A

forms a protective ring of lymphatic and nasal and oral cavities of pharynx

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13
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsil

A

near internal opening of nasal cavity

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14
Q

Palatine Tonsil

A

each side of posterior opening of oral cavity

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15
Q

Lingual Tonsil

A

posterior surface of tongue

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16
Q

Lymph Nodes

A
  • rounded structures
  • varying from the size
    that are distributed along various lymphatic vessels
  • most lymphs passes through at least one lymph node before entering blood
  • classification: deep and superficial
  • 3 superficial aggregations of lymph nodes on each side of body = inguinal, axillary, cervical nodes
  • filters out harmful substances and waste products
  • contains immune cells = lymphocytes =
    destroys bacteria and cancer cells
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17
Q

Spleen

A
  • roughly the size of
    clenched fist
  • located in left upper quadrant
  • filters blood
  • blood reservoir
18
Q

White Pulp

A
  • roughly the size of
    clenched fist
  • located in left upper quadrant
  • filters blood
  • blood reservoir
19
Q

Red Pulp

A
  • veins
  • primary function in filtering blood
  • removes old RBCs
  • digests hemoglobin
20
Q

Thymus

A
  • bilobed organ
  • roughly triangular
  • located in superior
    mediastinum
  • site for maturation of
    class lymphocytes = T cells = capable of reacting to pathogen
  • mature T cells migrate to medulla, enter blood and travel to other lymphatic tissue
  • lymphocytes are numerous
  • forms a dark staining area = cortex
  • medulla = lighter staining central
    portion of the lobules with fewer lymphocytes
21
Q

Immunity

A
  • ability to resist damage from pathogens
  • B and T cells = responsible for much immunity
22
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • non-specific immunity
  • body recognizes and
    destroys certain pathogens
  • response = same each time body is exposed
23
Q

Physical Barriers

A

prevents pathogens and chemicals from entering body in two ways: water resistant and shield against bacteria

24
Q

Chemical Mediators

A

responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

25
Q

Lysozyme

A

tears and saliva = kills certain bacteria

26
Q

Mucus

A

mucous membranes = prevents entry of some pathogens

27
Q

Histamine, Complement, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes

A

= promote inflammation by causing vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability

28
Q

Interferons

A

protect cell against viral infections

29
Q

White Blood Cells

A
  • produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue, and released into blood
  • chemicals (leukotrienes, kinins, histamines) released from damaged tissues attract the WBC
30
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of WBC towards chemicals

31
Q

Inflammation

A
  • general response to damage of any kind
  • damage = stimulates
    release or activation of
    chemical mediators
32
Q

Chemicals produce several effects

A
  • vasodilation increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
  • phagocytes leave blood and enter tissue
  • increased vascular permeability allows fibrinogen (converted to fibrin = isolates infection by walling off the infected area) and complement (further enhances inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes)
33
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • specific immunity
  • body recognizes and
    destroys pathogen
  • response = improves
    each time pathogen is encountered
  • characteristics:
    specificity (recognizes particular substance) and memory (ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with particular substance)
34
Q

Antigen

A

stimulates adaptive immunity response

35
Q

Foreign Antigen

A
  • introduced from outside the body
  • can cause allergic reactions
36
Q

Self Antigen

A

used by defense to
determine if cell is
mutated or not

37
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

results when self antigens stimulate destruction of normal tissue

38
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • B cells and T cells
  • activation and multiplication
  • specialized B cells or T cells clones can respond to antigens and produce an adaptive response
39
Q

Antigen Recognition

A

lymphocytes have cell membrane proteins = antigen receptor = binds with only a specific antigen

40
Q

Antibody Mediated Immunity

A
  • exposure of body to an antigen = activation of B cells and production of antibody
  • antibodies = derived from B cells = makes up larger portion of protein in plasma
  • antibody = fluid = effective against
    extracellular antigens
  • antibody = direct or
    indirect effect
  • most antibodies have indirect effect
41
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A
  • involves specific T cells
  • helper T cells =
    promote or inhibits activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
  • function of cytotoxic T cells and is most effective against microorganisms that live inside cell
42
Q

Effects of Aging on the lymphatic system and immunity

A
  • little effect on lymphatic systems ability to
    remove fluid from tissues, absorbs lipids from digestive tract, or remove RBC from blood
    1. lose ability to produce new and mature T cells in the thymus
    2. both primary and secondary response decreases with age
    3. cell mediated response also decreases with age
    4. reactivation of pathogen
    5. chronic inflammation and immune responses
    that began earlier in life have a cumulative
    damaging effect
    6. increase incidence of cancer in elderly is
    likely to be caused by combination of repeated exposure and damage

RAD102 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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