Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > Skeletal System: Articular System, Skull and Cranial Fossae > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Articular System, Skull and Cranial Fossae Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Bones

A

Support, protection, body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Forms a rigid framework to which the muscles of the body are attached; provides structural support

A

Skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

encloses the brain

A

Skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

encloses the spinal cord

A

Vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(made of ribs and sternum: manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process) – protects the heart, lungs (largest), great vessels, liver and spleen

A

Rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T or F: Sites where blood cells are produced are protected within the spongy bone tissue of certain bones

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 attachments of muscles

A

origin and insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T or F: Skeletal muscles use bones as levers (with joints acting as pivots) to move the body

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Process of blood cell formation

A

Hemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F: All blood cells are made in the marrow (specifically white bone marrow) of certain bones

A

F, red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blood cell production is influenced by ________ which is produced by the kidneys which induces erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipid is stored in the adipose tissue within the _________ of certain bones

A

medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adipose tissues and lipid contents are known as ________ .

A

yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mineral which gives bones firmness and strength

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Percentage of body’s calcium stored in bones

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Percentage of body’s phosphorous stored in bones

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Occurs throughout life (embryo -> adulthood)

A

Bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Begins at about 4th week of embryonic development

A

Ossification/Bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bone tissues are derived from specialized migratory cells of mesoderm known as
_________

A

Mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F: Before week 8, bones are made of fibrous membrane cartilage.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F: X-ray readings of children appear lighter due to incomplete ossification.

A

F, darker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 routes of ossification

A

Endochondral and Intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stages of Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage
  2. Cavitation of HC within the cartilage model
  3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation
  4. Formation of medullary cavity as ossi continues
  5. Ossification of epiphyses; completed = HC remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F: Hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages when ossification is completed

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Embryonic Mesenchymal Cells -> bone

A

Intramembranous Ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Embryonic mesenchymal cells -> chondroblasts -> cartilage matrix -> bone

A

Endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ossification: Direct Mineralization from mesenchyme

A

Intramembranous Ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intramembranous Ossification: example of bones

A

skull cap (calvaria), some facial bones, clavicle, scapula, pelvis, and part of mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Avascular organ; part of the fibrous layer of the eyes with no blood supply

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cornea: Necessary nutrients are received with the help of fluid from _________

A

Ciliary humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Due to the absence of direct blood supply, rejection after cornea transplant is controlled by _______ instead of immunosuppressant drugs.

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bone classification accrdg to origin

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bone classification accrdg to structure

A

Compact bone and spongy/cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Commonly seen as a superficial layer of bone that is very hard and dense solid

A

Compact Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Consists of precise arrangements of microscopic cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long ax

A

Compact Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Column-like structures that run parallel to the long axis of the bone; Matrix is laid down in concentric rings (lamellae)

A

Haversian System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Parts of Haversian System

A

Lamellae, Central Canal, Lacunae, Canaliculi, Perforationg (Volkmann’s) Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Parts of Haversian System: concentric layers that surround the central canals

A

Lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Parts of Haversian System: contains minute nutrient vessels and nerves

A

Central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Parts of Haversian System: spaces that contain osteocytes connected to one another by tiny channels called canaliculi

A

Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Parts of Haversian System: tiny channels that process osteocytes and connect lacunae

A

Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Parts of Haversian System: connect osteons with blood vessels and nerves

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Located deep to the compact bone tissue

A

Spongy/Cancellous Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Porous; with inner layer of honey-comb, flat, minute, needle-like projections called Trabeculae

A

Spongy/Cancellous Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

inner layer of honey-comb, flat, minute, needle-like projections in Spongy/Cancellous Bone

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Bone classification accrdg to location

A

Axial and Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Found at the “axis” or the central line of the body

A

Axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Bone classification accrdg to location: 80 bones

A

Axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Found within the “appendages”; 126 bones

A

Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Netter’s number of appendicular bones

A

134 bones (8 sesamoid bones on both hands and feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Bone classification accrdg to shape

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Much longer than they are wider; Bones of the limbs (usually has a shaft and 2 expanded ends)

A

Long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cuboidal in shape

A

Short bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Example of Short bone:

A

Carpal Bones: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Tarsal Bones: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular bone, cuboid, 3 cuneiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Thin, flattened and slightly curved type of bone

A

Flat bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Other bones which cannot be classified as long, short or flat

A

Irregular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Ex. of flat bones

A

Scapulae, sternum, ribs, most boned of skull, facial bones except sphenoid and ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ex. of irregular bones

A

Sphenoid and ethmoid, vertebrae, pelvic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Small nodules of bone; Found in certain tendons where they rub over bony surfaces; Protects tendon from excessive wear and tear by altering the direction of pull of a tendon

A

Sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Ex. of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Point of articulation between bones; May or may not permit movement

A

Joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Functions of joint:

A

o Weight bearing (knee and hip joints)
o Movement
o Stability (Hip joint)
o Lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Joints accrdg to structure

A

Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Bones are separated by joint cavity lubricated by synovial fluid; Enclosed in a fibrous joint capsule

A

Synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Type of joint: Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, carpal, interphalangeal

A

Synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Held together by collagenous fibers; From the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next; No joint cavity

A

Fibrous joint

67
Q

Type of joint: Skull sutures, teeth joints (Gomphoses), radio-ulnar joints, tibio-fibular joints

A

Fibrous joint

68
Q

Bones held togethers by cartilage; No joint cavity

A

Cartilaginous joint

69
Q

Type of joint: Epiphyseal plate of long bones (where bone growth occurs), costosternal joints, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

A

Cartilaginous joint

70
Q

Pubic symphysis accommodate pregnancy through the production of _____ hormone

71
Q

Joints according to articulation surfaces:

A

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket

72
Q

Type of joint: Flat and allows short slipping/gliding movements

73
Q

Type of joint: Cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped process; For flexion and extension

74
Q

Type of joint: Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a ring; For rotation

75
Q

Type of joint: Oval articular surface of one bone fits into complementary depression
 For flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

76
Q

Type of joint: Concave and convex areas fit one another

77
Q

Type of joint: Spherical or semi-spherical articulates with cup-like socket
 Allows freedom of motion (combines condyloid + medial & lateral rotation)

A

Ball and socket

78
Q

Type of joint: Elbow joint, interphalangeal joints

79
Q

Type of joint: Atlantoaxial, radio-ulnar joint

80
Q

Type of joint: Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal joints

81
Q

Type of joint: Carpo-metacarpal joints of thumb

82
Q

Type of joint: Shoulders

A

Ball and socket

83
Q

Type of joint: Intercarpal, intertarsal

84
Q

Joints according to degree of movement

A

Diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses

85
Q

Freely movable joint

A

Diarthroses

86
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthroses

87
Q

Non-movable joint

A

Synarthroses

88
Q

Joints accrdg to joint movement

A

Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial

89
Q

Type of joint: Move in 1 plane

90
Q

Type of joint: Move in 2 plane

91
Q

Type of joint: Move in 3 plane

A

Multiaxial

92
Q

Articulating surfaces of shoulder joint

A

round head of humerus & glenoid fossa

93
Q

Articulating surfaces of elbow joint

A

trochlea and capitulum of humerus & trochlear notch of the ulna and head of radius

94
Q

Articulating surfaces of wrist joint

A

distal end of radius and articular disc above & scaphoid, lunate and triquetral bones

95
Q

Articulating surfaces of hip joint

A

Head of femur & acetabulum (commonly fractured bones, esp in girls)

96
Q

Articulating surfaces of knee joint

A

2 articulation system - Lower end of femur & femur; round condyles of femur & condyles of tibia

97
Q

Articulating surfaces of ankle joint

A

Lower end of tibia and 2 malleoli & body of talus

98
Q

T or F: Fibula is connected to patella and can therefore be used as graft (along with floating ribs)

A

F, not connected

99
Q

Disadvantage of freely movable joints

A

maiipit blood vessels

100
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

101
Q

Bones of the skull are attached to each other by _____, are immobile, and form the cranium.

102
Q

Divisions of the skull

A

Cranium, Viscerocranium, Auditory ossicles

103
Q

2 division of cranium

A

Calvaria and Base

104
Q

How many bones are there in the cranium?

105
Q

Paired bones of the cranium

A

Parietal and Temporal bones

106
Q

Unpaired bones of the cranium

A

Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid bones

107
Q

Floor of the cranial cavity

108
Q

upper domed part, covers the cranial cavity containing the brain

A

Calvaria/Vault

109
Q

 Facial skeleton; composed of 8 bones
 Lower anterior part
 Make up the contour of the face

A

Viscerocranium

110
Q

Paired bones of the viscerocranium

A

Maxillary, Lacrimal (near the orbit), Nasal, Zygomatic (forms the cheeks), Inferior nasal conchae (lateral projections of the nasal cavity), Palatine

111
Q

Unpaired bones of the viscerocranium

112
Q

Found in the middle ear and functions to transmit vibrations of tympanic membranes; First bones to be fully ossified during development and are essentially mature at birth

A

Auditory ossicles

113
Q

Unlike other bones, they lack a surrounding layer of osteogenic periosteum.

A

Auditory ossicles

114
Q

Type of joint: auditory ossicles

115
Q

T or F: Smallest joint is found between incus and stapes (synovial, movable)

116
Q

3 interconnected bones of auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

117
Q

Largest ossicle and possesses a head, a neck, a long process or handle, and anterior process, and a lateral process. It is connected to the tympanic membrane

118
Q

Possesses a large body and two processes. It is connected to the malleus.

119
Q

Has a head, a neck, two limbs, and a base. It is connected to the incus and the lateral wall of the internal ear at the oval window; Smallest ossicle

120
Q

T or F: Mandible is part of the cranium nor part of the facial skeleton. It is united to the skull by the mobile temporomandibular joint.

A

F, not part

121
Q

immovable joints which unite the bones of the skull

122
Q

connective tissue between the bones of the skull; consists of the periosteum covering the outer surface become continuous with the endosteum covering the surface of the bone.

A

Suture ligament

123
Q

Major Sutures of the Skull

A

Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoid suture

124
Q

Suture between the frontal and parietal bones

A

Coronal suture

125
Q

Suture between the paired parietal bone

A

Sagittal suture

126
Q

Suture between the parietal and occipital bones

A

Lambdoid suture

127
Q

Landmarks of the skull

A

Bregma, Lambda, Pterion

128
Q

junction where the coronal and the sagittal sutures meet

129
Q

junction where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet

130
Q

area where the sutures between the parietal, sphenoid, frontal, and temporal squama converge or meet; Weakest part

131
Q

premature closure of skull suture

A

Craniosyntosis

132
Q

separates the bones of the vault that are not closely knit at the sutures. At these sites, the sutures form wide areas of fibrous tissue.

A

Fontanelles

133
Q

2 types of fontanelle

A

anterior and posterior fontanelle

134
Q

Most prominent fontanelle; “soft spot”
 Lies between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones behind
 Diamond-shaped

A

Anterior fontanelle

135
Q

Bounded by the parietal bones anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly
 Triangular shape

A

Posterior fontanelle

136
Q

Palpation of the fontanelles during infancy, especially the anterior and posterior ones, enables physicians to determine the:

A
  1. Progress of growth
  2. Degree of hydration
  3. Intracranial pressure
  4. Pulse of cerebral arteries
137
Q

Regions in the cranial fossa

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior

138
Q

any of three large depressions in the anterior, middle, and posterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity.

A

cranial fossa

139
Q

Lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

 Bones forming the anterior cranial fossa: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

A

Anterior cranial fossa

140
Q

Anterior cranial fossa: crest for attachment in the midline

A

Falx cerebri

141
Q

Lodge the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

 Bones forming the cranial fossa: sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones

A

Middle cranial fossa

142
Q

Weakest cranial fossa because it has more holes/ foramina

 fracture in this area causes otorrhea

A

Middle cranial fossa

143
Q

Lodges the parts of the hindbrain, namely, the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
 Bones forming the cranial fossa: Temporal and occipital bones

A

Posterior cranial fossa

144
Q

Openings in the anterior cranial fossa

A

Foramen cecum
Anterior ehtmoidal foramen
Foramina in the cribriform plate
Posterior ethmoidal foramen

145
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen cecum

A

Emissary vein

146
Q

Structure transmitted in: Anterior ethmoidal foramen

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve

147
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramina in the cribriform plate

A

Olfactory nerves

148
Q

Structure transmitted in: Posterior ethmoidal foramen

A

Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve

149
Q

Middle cranial fossa openings

A 
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Carotid Canal
150
Q

Structure transmitted in: optic canal

A 
Optic nerve (II);
Opthalmic artery
151
Q

Structure transmitted in: Superior orbital fissure

A

Oculomotor nerve (III); Trochlear nerve (IV); Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves (V1); Abducent nerve (VI); Superior ophthalmic vein

152
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve (V2)

153
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen Ovale

A 
Mandibular nerve (V3);
Lesser petrosal nerve
154
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

155
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen lacerum

A

Filled by cartilage and fibrous tissue (in the inferior opening);
Greater petrosal nerve

156
Q

Structure transmitted in: carotid canal

A

Internal carotid artery

157
Q

Posterior cranial fossa: openings

A

Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
Internal acoustic meatus

158
Q

Structure transmitted in: Foramen magnum

A

Medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, and vertebral arteries

159
Q

Structure transmitted in: hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

160
Q

Structure transmitted in: Jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); Vagus nerve (X); Accessory nerves (XI); Sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein

161
Q

Structure transmitted in: internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial nerves (VII); Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII);

162
Q

Type of joint: temporomandibular joint

163
Q

Articulation of temporomandibular joint

A

Articulation: occurs between the articular tubercle and the anterior portion of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone above and the head (condyloid process) of the mandible

164
Q

Function of Temperomandibular joint

A

Depression, Elevation, Protrusion, Retraction, Lateral chewing movements

Gross Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions