Overview of Anatomy Flashcards
Science of the structure and function of the body
Anatomy
Setting (structure) in which the events (functions) of life occur
Anatomy
The examination of structures of the human that
can be seen without a microscope (macroscopic)
Gross Anatomy
Study of large, easily observable structures
Gross Anatomy
Study of very small structures in the body with the
use of a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Provide knowledge of what lies under the skin and
what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable)
in the living body at rest and in action
Surface Anatomy
Study of the body’s organ system that work
together to carry out complex functions
Systemic Anatomy
Considers the organization of the body as major
parts or segments with attention to a specific part or
region.
Regional Anatomy
Study of the body using radiological imaging
(Radiographs) to view body parts internally in a
non-invasive way.
Radiographic Anatomy
Separating the parts of a cadaver so that they can
be studied; does not necessarily mean
slicing/cutting up a cadaver
Cadaver dissection
Well-established method and is the foundation of
our knowledge of anatomy
Cadaver dissection
study of macroscopic structure
and function of the body as it relates to the practice
of medicine and other health sciences
Clinical anatomy
Study of very small structures in the body with the
use of a microscope; Integrated exploration of cells, intercellular
materials and tissues
Microscopic Studies
refers to the body position as if the person
were standing upright with the: • Head, gaze (eyes) and toes directed anteriorly
• Arms (Upper extremities) adjacent to the sides with the
palms facing anteriorly
• Lower limbs (Lower Extremities) close together with feet
parallel facing anteriorly
Anatomical Position
Universal reference point; Used for anatomico-clinical descriptions worldwide
Anatomical position
vertical plane which passes
through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Median sagittal plane
a plane which is situated to one or
the other side of the median plane and is parallel to
it; divides the body into unequal halves.
paramedian
refers to the structure that is
nearer to the median plane of the body
Medial
refers to the structure that is farther away from the median plane
Lateral
a vertical plane which is perpendicular
to the median plane; divides the body into anterior and
posterior halves; “crown”
Coronal plane
also called as “horizontal plane” or “axial plane”; this is perpendicular to both median and coronal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior
parts
Transverse plane
section that runs parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts
Longitudinal section
Section that at right angles to the longitudinal section; involves the entire body or any of its parts
Transverse/cross section
either longitudinal nor transverse (a section by exclusion) E.g. diagonal section of the hind limb; commonly used for radiographic images
Oblique section
nearer the upper most part of the cranium
Superior
nearer the sole of foot
inferior
Front portion of the body
Anterior
Back portion of the body
Posterior
More commonly used term for anterior/posterior in animals; used also in referring terms in brain
Ventral and Dorsal
nearer the anterior part of the head
Rostral
nearer the midsagittal plane
Medial
farther away from the midsagittal plane
Lateral
nearer to feet, closer to medial
inferomedial
nearer to head, farther from medial
superolateral
nearer to head, closer to medial
Superomedial
nearer to feet, farther from medial
Inferolateral
anterior surface of the hand
Palmar
posterior surface (sole) of the foot
Plantar
refer to the position of
a structure in relation to the skin & bones
Superficial, intermediate, deep
nearer to center or cavity of an organ
Internal
farther away from the center or cavity of an
organ
External
nearer the origin/attachment of the structure
Proximal
farther away from the origin/attachment of the
structure
Distal
body is lying down on his back, face directed
upward
Supine
person is lying on his belly, face directed
downward (body lies in horizontal position)
Prone
refers to tail region (coccyx in humans)
Caudal
refers to the cranium
Cranial
structure occurs on both sides, e.g. eyes,
kidneys
Bilateral
ccurs only in one side, e.g. spleen (left side
only)
Unilateral
found in the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
occurring on opposite side of the body
Contralateral
angle between two structures is decreased,
takes place in a sagittal plane
Flexion
angle between two structures is increased
Extension
angle between bones of a joint is greater than normal, that is a joint is extended beyond its normal range of motion
Hyperextension
movement of the trunk in the coronal plane
Lateral flexion
ankle’s movement (flexion) pull the toes and feet up towards the body; foot points more superiorly or toward the dorsum of the foot
Dorsiflexion
ankle’s movement (extension) causes the foot to point more inferiorly or towards the plantar
surface (e.g. Standing on tiptoes)
Plantar flexion
revolving a part/structure around its longitudinal axis
Rotation
revolving movement of the
anterior surface of the limb towards the median
plane
Medial rotation
revolving movement of the anterior surface of the limb away from the median plane
Lateral rotation
movement anteriorly (e.g. Stick out tongue)
Protrusion/Protraction
movement posteriorly (e.g. Bring tongue back to its oral cavity
Retrusion/Retraction
movement away from the median plane
in the coronal plane
Abduction
movement towards the median plane in
the coronal plane
Adduction
combination of flexion, extension,
abduction and adduction (usually in joints – shoulder, hip,
etc.)
circumduction
bringing the pad of the first digit to the other digits
Opposition
bringing the pad of the first digit back to
the anatomical position
Reposition
raising of a body part/structure; moving a
structure more superiorly
Elevation
bringing down a body part/structure;
moving a structure inferiorly
Depression
movement of the sole of the foot away
from the median plane
eversion
movement of the sole of the foot towards
the median plane
inversion
movement of the forearm and hand
wherein the radius moves medially around its
longitudinal axis such that the palms are facing
backward
Pronation
movement of the forearm and the hand
wherein the radius moves laterally along its
longitudinal axis such that the palms are facing
forward
Supination
a site where two/more bones come together; some
have no movement (e.g. Suture of the skull), some have only
slight movement (e.g. Superior tibiofibular joint), some are
freely movable (shoulder joint)
Joint
Movements involved in hip “pagdekwatro” (male)
Hip Flexion
Hip External Rotation
Hip Abduction
