Skeletal System and Joint Actions Flashcards
state the 5 types of bone
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
state what it is meant by the key term - ossification
ossification is the process of bone formation and hardening (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus)
state the names, and roles, of the three types of bone cells
- osteoblasts - build new bone
- osteoclasts - clear away old bone
- osteocytes - mature osteoblasts / bone cells
state the 4 stages of bone growth (in order)
foetal –> birth –> adulthood –> later life
state 4 determinants of bone health
- nutrition
- sunlight
- hormones
- weight-bearing activities
state the 2 facts you need to know about the cervicle, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
- intervertebral disks between vertebrae (shock absorption and allow movement)
- cartilaginous / slightly movable joints
state the two facts you need to know about the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
- vertebrae fused together in each system
2. fibrous / immobile joints
state the fact(s) you need to know about the - cervicle spine
- 7 cervicle vertebrae
2. secondary curve / lordosis
state the fact(s) you need to know about the - thoracic spine
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
2. primary curve / kyphosis
state the fact(s) you need to know about the - lumbar spine
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
2. secondary curve / lordosis
state the fact(s) you need to know about the - sarcal spine
5 spinal vertebrae
state the fact(s) you need to know about the - coccygeal spine
4 coccygeal vertebrae
state 3 facts about posture:
- ideal posture = when all joints in correct alignment
- some factors include occupation, BW, height, injury etc…
- above can cause muscle imbalances which can pull the body out of position and effect posture
explain what hyperlordosis is (2 points)
- excessive curve of the lumbar spine
2. causes anterior pelvic tilt
individuals more prone to hyperlordosis include:
pregnant women, dancers, gymnasts and people with abnormal obesity
explain wha hyperkyphosis is: (2 points)
- excessive curve in the thoracic spine
2. causes rounded shoulders / forward head carriage
people more prone to hyperkyphosis include:
desk workers, drivers, tall people, elderly
explain what scoliosis is: (3 points)
- excessive lateral curvature of the spine
- congenital, in which spine deformities are apparent at birth
- neurological, where nerve activities effect the muscles in the spine
individuals more prone to scoliosis include:
- genetic disorders (such as cerebral palsy, muscle atrophy)
- birth defects (such as spina bifida)
- spinal injuries or infections
state 4 ways a session can be designed to aid people whom suffer with kyphosis - or to prevent it
- resistance work to strengthen upper back muscles which are lengthened and weak
- full chest ROM exercises
- free standing, free weight exercises to strengthen the core
- developmental stretches for chest
state 3 ways a session can be designed to aid people suffering with lordosis - or to prevent it
- resistance work to strengthen the glutes and ham-strings
- strength work for rectus abdominis
- developmental stretches for hip flexors and lower back
state 2 ST effects of exercise on the skeletal system
- increased synovial fluid production
2. increased blood and nutrients circulated to the bones
state 4 LT effects of exercise on the skeletal system
- increased bone density
- reduced risk of osteoporosis
- stronger ligaments and tendons
- improved posture
state the three classifications of joints
- fibrous joints - immovable
- cartilaginous joints - slightly movable
- synovial joints - freely movable
state the 3 types of connective tissue
- cartilage - hyaline, elastic and fibrous
- ligaments
- tendone
what two things make up the articular capsule
synovial membrane and fibrous capsule
where is hyaline cartilage located
at the end of bones at the synovial joint
state the 6 types of synovial joints
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- saddle
- gliding
- ellipsoid
state the movements possible at the shoulder girdle
- elevation / depression
2. pronation / retraction
state the movement capable of the spine
- flexion (bend forward) and extension (bend backward)
- lateral flexion (bend to side)
- rotation
