Skeletal System and Joint Actions

Question 1

state the 5 types of bone

Answer 1

1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
5. sesamoid

Question 2

state what it is meant by the key term - ossification

Answer 2

ossification is the process of bone formation and hardening (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus)

Question 3

state the names, and roles, of the three types of bone cells

Answer 3

1. osteoblasts - build new bone
2. osteoclasts - clear away old bone
3. osteocytes - mature osteoblasts / bone cells

Question 4

state the 4 stages of bone growth (in order)

Answer 4

foetal –> birth –> adulthood –> later life

Question 5

state 4 determinants of bone health

Answer 5

1. nutrition
2. sunlight
3. hormones
4. weight-bearing activities

Question 6

state the 2 facts you need to know about the cervicle, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Answer 6

1. intervertebral disks between vertebrae (shock absorption and allow movement)
2. cartilaginous / slightly movable joints

Question 7

state the two facts you need to know about the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 7

1. vertebrae fused together in each system

2. fibrous / immobile joints

Question 8

state the fact(s) you need to know about the - cervicle spine

Answer 8

1. 7 cervicle vertebrae

2. secondary curve / lordosis

Question 9

state the fact(s) you need to know about the - thoracic spine

Answer 9

1. 12 thoracic vertebrae

2. primary curve / kyphosis

Question 10

state the fact(s) you need to know about the - lumbar spine

Answer 10

1. 5 lumbar vertebrae

2. secondary curve / lordosis

Question 11

state the fact(s) you need to know about the - sarcal spine

Answer 11

5 spinal vertebrae

Question 12

state the fact(s) you need to know about the - coccygeal spine

Answer 12

4 coccygeal vertebrae

Question 13

state 3 facts about posture:

Answer 13

1. ideal posture = when all joints in correct alignment
2. some factors include occupation, BW, height, injury etc…
3. above can cause muscle imbalances which can pull the body out of position and effect posture

Question 14

explain what hyperlordosis is (2 points)

Answer 14

1. excessive curve of the lumbar spine

2. causes anterior pelvic tilt

Question 15

individuals more prone to hyperlordosis include:

Answer 15

pregnant women, dancers, gymnasts and people with abnormal obesity

Question 16

explain wha hyperkyphosis is: (2 points)

Answer 16

1. excessive curve in the thoracic spine

2. causes rounded shoulders / forward head carriage

Question 17

people more prone to hyperkyphosis include:

Answer 17

desk workers, drivers, tall people, elderly

Question 18

explain what scoliosis is: (3 points)

Answer 18

1. excessive lateral curvature of the spine
2. congenital, in which spine deformities are apparent at birth
3. neurological, where nerve activities effect the muscles in the spine

Question 19

individuals more prone to scoliosis include:

Answer 19

1. genetic disorders (such as cerebral palsy, muscle atrophy)
2. birth defects (such as spina bifida)
3. spinal injuries or infections

Question 20

state 4 ways a session can be designed to aid people whom suffer with kyphosis - or to prevent it

Answer 20

1. resistance work to strengthen upper back muscles which are lengthened and weak
2. full chest ROM exercises
3. free standing, free weight exercises to strengthen the core
4. developmental stretches for chest

Question 21

state 3 ways a session can be designed to aid people suffering with lordosis - or to prevent it

Answer 21

1. resistance work to strengthen the glutes and ham-strings
2. strength work for rectus abdominis
3. developmental stretches for hip flexors and lower back

Question 22

state 2 ST effects of exercise on the skeletal system

Answer 22

1. increased synovial fluid production

2. increased blood and nutrients circulated to the bones

Question 23

state 4 LT effects of exercise on the skeletal system

Answer 23

1. increased bone density
2. reduced risk of osteoporosis
3. stronger ligaments and tendons
4. improved posture

Question 24

state the three classifications of joints

Answer 24

1. fibrous joints - immovable
2. cartilaginous joints - slightly movable
3. synovial joints - freely movable

Question 25

state the 3 types of connective tissue

Answer 25

1. cartilage - hyaline, elastic and fibrous
2. ligaments
3. tendone

Question 26

what two things make up the articular capsule

Answer 26

synovial membrane and fibrous capsule

Question 27

where is hyaline cartilage located

Answer 27

at the end of bones at the synovial joint

Question 28

state the 6 types of synovial joints

Answer 28

1. ball and socket
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. saddle
5. gliding
6. ellipsoid

Question 29

state the movements possible at the shoulder girdle

Answer 29

1. elevation / depression

2. pronation / retraction

Question 30

state the movement capable of the spine

Answer 30

1. flexion (bend forward) and extension (bend backward)
2. lateral flexion (bend to side)
3. rotation