Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System and the Digestive System

Question 1

state the percentages of inspired and expired air

Answer 1

1. N2 = 79%, 79%
2. O2 = 21%, 17%
3. CO2 = 0.04%, 4%

Question 2

state 3 ST effects on the RS system of exercise

Answer 2

1. increased TV
2. increased BR
3. increased MV

Question 3

state 5 LT effects on the RS system of exercise

Answer 3

1. stronger respiratory muscles
2. increased TV
3. decreased BR
4. increased volume of lungs expired during exercise
5. capillerisation

Question 4

state what it is meant by the key term - blood pressure

Answer 4

blood pressure is a measure of the force that blood applies to the walls of the arteries as it flows through them

Question 5

state, and explain, the two components of BP

Answer 5

1. systolic - pressure exerted when the heart is contracting
2. diastolic - pressure when the heart is relaxed between beats

Question 6

state the equations for blood pressure

Answer 6

1. systolic / diastolic = BP

2. Q x TPR = BP

Question 7

state, and explain, the two factors effecting BP

Answer 7

1. cardiac output (Q) - the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
2. total peripheral resistance (TPR) - resistance to blood flow through the arteries

Question 8

state the systolic and diastolic values (7) for blood pressure (mmHG)

Answer 8

1. low = <100, <60
2. optimal = <120, <80
3. normal = <130, <85
4. high normal = 130-139, 85-89
5. stage 1 = 140-159, 90-99
6. stage 2 - 160-179, 100-109
7. stage 3 - >180, >110

Question 9

state the 5 steps of the digestive flow

Answer 9

mouth (ingestion/digestion) –> oesophagus –> stomach (digestion) –> small intestine (digestion/absorption) –> large intestine (elimination)

Question 10

explain the role, during digestion, of the - mouth

Answer 10

mastication/mechanical chewing

Question 11

explain the role, during digestion, of the - oesophagus

Answer 11

smooth muscular tube connecting the mouth and the stomach

Question 12

explain the role, during digestion, of the - stomach

Answer 12

1. releases HCl which kills bacteria

2. pepsin breaks down protein

Question 13

explain the role, during digestion, of the - small intestine

Answer 13

1. lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids
2. amylase breaks down carbs into glucose
3. trypsin breaks down proteins into amino acids

Question 14

explain the role, during digestion, of the - large intestine

Answer 14

1. absorbs any remaining water, vitamins and minerals

2. contains bacteria which produces some vitamins and fights infections in the intestine

Question 15

state the names of the three processes that support digestion

Answer 15

1. salivary glands release saliva
2. pancreas
3. liver + gall bladder

Question 16

explain the role of the - salivary gland

Answer 16

1. moistens food

2. contains salivary amylase which begins the breakdown of carbs

Question 17

explain the role of the - pancreas

Answer 17

releases pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes, into the small intestine which breaks down all 3 macros

Question 18

explain the role of the - liver + gall bladder

Answer 18

1. liver produces bile which emulsifies fats to aid enzyme action
2. gall bladder stores bile

Question 19

state the digestion times for the three macros

Answer 19

1. carbohydrates - 2-3 hours
2. fats - 5+ hours
3. protein - 4-5 hours

Question 20

state, and explain, what it is meant by the key term - fibre

Answer 20

1. fibre is a form of complex carbohydrates known as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)
2. indigestible plant material
3. no chloric or nutritional value but essential for health

Question 21

state the 4 functions of fibre

Answer 21

1. adds bulk to food so aids peristalsis (reduces damage to inside of large intestine)
2. delays gastric emptying (stomach holds onto food for longer)
3. slows release of glucose into blood stream (helps reduce blood sugar)
4. helps control blood cholesterol levels