Skeletal System - Anatomy Flashcards
axial skeleton
the bones of the head, chest, and back
appendicular skeleton
the bones of the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs
cranium
skull
frontal bone
forehead bone
- upper part of eye sockets
- extends of the middle of the top of the head
parietal bones
bones forming the upper posterior part of the cranium
sagittal suture
suture running from front to back
occipital bone
bone forming the posterior base of the cranium
formamen magnum
hole in the occipital bone through which the spine passes to connect to the brain
temporal bones
form the lower sides of the cranium
mastoid process
projection from the temporal bone just behind the ear
styloid
a point of attachment on the inferior temporal bone for tends to the muscles of the tongue and pharynx and for ligaments to the hyoid bone in the throat
syphenoid bone
a large irregularly shaped bone that forms part of the central base and sides of the cranium and the posterior walls of the eye sockets
- tendons attach to move mandible
- holds pituary gland
ethmoid bone
forms the poster of nasal septum that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides and forms the medial walls of the eye sockets
facial bones
bones
- supporting the tissues of the face (the nose, cheeks, and lips)
- protecting the eyes and internal structures of the nose, mouth, and upper throat
nasal bones
form the upper nose and the upper nasal cavity
vomer
narrow wall of bone that forms the inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posteriorly to join the sphenoid bone
lacrimal bones
bones in eye socket
- near lacrimal (tear) glands
zygoma
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
maxilla
upper jaw bone
maxillary bones
two bones fused in middle to form maxilla
palatine bones
small, flat bones that form the posterior hard palate
mandible
lower jaw bone
- only moveable bone in skull
- connects with temporal bone
fontanels
the layers of fibrous tissue between the frontal and parietal bones of a newborn or young child
ossicles
three bones of the inner ear
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
hyoid bone
flat, U-shaped bone in the anterior neck
- attached to tendons that go to the tongue and larynx
thorax
rib cage
sternum
breast bone
bone in center of anterior thorax
parts of the sternum
- manubrium (triangular)
- body of the sternum
- xiphoid process (sharp)
how many ribs?
12
how many true ribs?
7
costal cartilate
attaches ribs to sternum
costochondral joint
where cartilage meets rib
false ribs
attached:
- spinal column posteriorly
- indirectly to sternum anteriorly
floating ribs
ribs 11-12 attached only to spinal column
spine
backbone
vertical column of bones
- supports head, neck, and trunk of body
- protects spinal cord
regions of spine
cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx
cervical vertebrae
in neck
thoracic vertebrae
in chest
lumbar vertebrae
in lower back
sacrum
fused vertebrae making posterior triangular part of hip bone
coccyx
tail bone
fused vertebrae below sacrum
foramen
hole that spine goes through
spinous process
part of vertebrae going posteriorly
transverse processes
parts of vertebrae going out sideways
intervertebral disks
cushiony pillow between vertebrae
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous substance in inside of intervertebral disks
clavicle
collar bone
top shoulder bone
scapula
shoulder blade
triangular-shaped bone on either side of spinal column in upper back
acromion
flat projection in scapula that connects it to the clavicle
glenoid fossa
shallow depression where the head of the humerus scapula
humerus
long bone in upper arm
radius
forearm bone on thumb side
ulna
forearm bone on non-thumb side
olecranon
large, square projection at end of ulna that forms the point of the elbow
carpal bones
8 bones in wrist
metacarpal bones
bones in hand
- one for each finger
phalanges
bones of fingers
digits
rays
fingers
pelvis
includes hip bones and sacrum and coccyx of the spinal column
illium
most superior hip bone
- broad flaring rim (illiac crest)
acetabulum
deep socket of hip joint
ischium
most inferior hip bone
- “sit bones”
pubis
pubic bone
small bridgelike bone
- most anterior of the hip bones
pubic symphisis
cartilage pad between the halves of the pubic bone
femur
upper leg bone
tibia
shin bone
large bone of the lower leg
medial malleolus
bony prominence at the distal end of the tibia
fibula
very thin bone on the lateral side of the lower leg
- not weight-bearing
lateral malleolus
bony prominence on the distal end of the fibula
patella
kneecap
tarsal bones
ankle bones
calcaneus
heel bone
largest tarsal bone
metatarsal bones
bones in midfoot
hallux
the great toe
joints
where two bones come together
suture joint
immovable with no cartilage
- between two cranial bones
symphysis joint
slightly movable joint with a fibrocartilage pad or disk between the bones
synovial joint
fully moveable joint
- hinge joints
- ball-and-socket joints
articular cartilage
covers ends of bones of synovial joints
ligaments
strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold the two bones together at a synovial joint
joint capsule
encases an entire synovial joint
- fibrous outer layer
- synovial membrane
synovial membrane
membrane in the interior of the joint capsule producing synovial fluid
synovial fluid
clear, thick fluid that lubricates a synovial joint
meniscus
special crescent-shaped cartilage pad found in some joints
osseous tissue
bone
- type of connective tissue
periosteum
thick, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone
diaphysis
straight shaft in long bone
epiphyses
the two widened ends of a long bone
epiphysial plates
- where the shaft meets the larger end
- growth line
cortical bone
layer of dense compact bone
- along the diaphysis
- for weight-bearing
medullary cavity
filled with yellow bone that contains fatty tissue
- inside cortical bone
cancellous bone
spongy bone in the epiphysis
- less dense than compact bone
spaces in between cancellous bone
filled with red bone marrow
ossification
the gradual replacing of cartilage with bone
- takes place during childhood and adolescence
how much of the skeleton is broken down and rebuilt per year?
about 10%
- occurs in areas that are damaged or subjugated to mechanical stress
osteoclasts
break down areas of old or damaged bone
osteoblasts
deposit new bone tissue in the areas the osteoclasts have broken down
osteocytes
maintain and monitor the mineral content of te bone
calcium
mineral mostly stored in bone
- needed by heart and skeletal muscle
