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anatomy and phys > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the skeletal system?

A

Bones and joints

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  • provides shape and form to body
  • provides support for the body
  • protects soft vital organs
  • provides attachment for muscles
  • production of blood cells in bone marrow
  • provides a store for minerals
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3
Q

what is the structure of bone

A

Bone is dense connective tissue that is composed of two parts:

  1. bone matrix of collagen and osteocytes that provide resilience and elasticity
  2. mineral matter which gives hardness and rigidity
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4
Q

Features of long bones

A
  • longer rather than wider
  • includes many bones of the limbs
  • usually joint to another bone and involved with joint movement
  • provides strength and flexibility to limbs
  • acts as a scaffold for muscle origin and insertion
  • marrow cavities produce blood cells
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5
Q

Name the different parts of the structure of a long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plate or line
  • cortex
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • medullary cavity
  • articular cartilage
  • nutrient foramen
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6
Q

What are short bones

A

usually bones of approximately the same length, width and thickness

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7
Q

what are irregular bones

A

bones which possess irregular projections and large areas for muscle attachments

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8
Q

what do flat bones serve and what bones does it include

A

flat bones serve as a protective surface and provide large areas for muscle attachment and it includes the scapular, sternum and the ribs

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9
Q

why do flat bones serve as a protective surface

A

because they consist for 2 hard layers of compact bone

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10
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A

small bones situated within tendons

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11
Q

what are visceral bones

A

bones that sit within organs

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12
Q

In the long bone, what is the diaphysis?

A

the long shaft of the bone

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13
Q

In the long bone, What is the epiphysis

A

two ends of the bones which have bony material called spongy bone or cancellous bone which contains red marrow

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14
Q

In the long bone, what is the epiphyseal plate or line (growth plate)

A

the gap or line between the diaphysis and epiphyses.

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15
Q

what is the cortex

A

the cortex is made up of hard dense compact bone and gives bone its strength

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16
Q

in the long bone, what is the periosteum

A

the periosteum is thin fibrous connective tissue covering the outer surface of the bone. it’s rich in nerves and blood vessels and essential for growth, repair and nutrition of the bone.

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17
Q

in the long bone what is the endosteum

A

the endosteum is fibrous membrane lining on the inside of the marrow cavity

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18
Q

in the long bone, what does the medullary cavity contain?

A

it contains bone marrow, red marrow in young animals and yellow marrow in mature animals

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19
Q

what is red and yellow marrow

A

red marrow produces blood cells and yellow marrow is fat storage

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20
Q

in the long bone, what is the articular cavity

A

it is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage which covers the ends of the bone

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21
Q

in the long bone, what is the nutrient foramen?

A

it is a small hole in the bone that allow entry of blood vessels into the interior of the bone so it can receive its blood supply

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22
Q

the skeleton is predominantly made of what in young animals?

A

cartilage

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23
Q

As an animal grows, the amount of bone present increases and the cartilage is replaced with bone, what is this process called?

A

endochondal assification

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24
Q

Remaining cartilage is gradually replaced by what?

A

osteocytes, bone matrix and calcium

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25
Q

In young animals, where does growth occur?

A

near the ends of the bones from a cartilage structure called the epiphyseal plate

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26
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal/growth plate when the animal matures?

A

becomes bony and growth no longer occurs

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27
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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28
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

immature (young) bone cells which can make and lay down new bone matrix

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29
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

cells which break down and remodel bone

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30
Q

osteoblasts become what once matured?

A

osteoclasts

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31
Q

What is the cranium

A

the bony casing enclosing the brain.

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32
Q

what is the mandible

A

lower jaw with teeth

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33
Q

what is the maxilla

A

the upper jaw with teeth, contains nasal cavity, sinuses and hard palate

34
Q

what is dolichocephalic

A

long narrow head

35
Q

what is mesocephalic

A

medium sized head

36
Q

what is brachycephalic

A

short wide head

37
Q

what is the vertebral column?

A

a series of stacked spinal bones called vertebrae forming a flexible column, with a skull at one end and tail at the other.

38
Q

what are vertebrae

A
  • irregular shaped bones with projections and processes
  • provide a ring of bone forming a tunnel
  • this tunnel forms a protective canal protecting the spinal cord
39
Q

the canal protecting the spinal cord is called what?

A

the vertebral canal

40
Q

features of intervertebral discs

A
  • lie between vertebral bodies
  • act as shock absorber and allows movement between bones
  • made of a ring of dense fibrous connective tissue with a soft middle
41
Q

what is a prolapsed disc?

A

a prolapsed (slipped) disc involves dorsal protrusion of disc material into the overlying vertebral canal

42
Q

name the parts of the spine

A
  1. cervical vertebrae
  2. thoracic vertebrae
  3. lumbar vertebrae
  4. sacral vertebrae
  5. coccygeal vertebrae
43
Q

where is the cervical vertebrae

A

the neck region, 7 in a dog

44
Q

where is the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • over the chest cavity
  • each one has an attached pair of ribs
  • 13 thoracic vertebrae in a dog
45
Q

what are the ribs attached to

A
  • dorsally attached to thoracic vertebrae which move during breathing
  • ribs are attached ventrally either to the sternum or ribs in front by cartilage
46
Q

where is the lumbar vertebrae

A

lower back region over abdominal cavity. 7 in a dog

47
Q

what is the sacral vertebrae

A

the bones that connect the spine to the pelvis right at the base of the tail. 3 in dogs that are fused

48
Q

what is the coccygeal vertebrae

A

the vertebrae that makes up the tail bones. can be up to 20 in a dog but varies

49
Q

what are the bones compromising the forelimb

A
  • scapular (shoulder blade)
  • humerus
  • radius and ulna
  • carpal bones
  • metacarpal bones
  • phalanges or digits: P1, P2,P3
50
Q

where’s the scapular located

A

sits against the rib cage

51
Q

what is the humerus

A

the bone of the upper aspect of the forelimb.

  • proximally joins with the scapula
  • distally adjoins the radius and ulna bones to form the elbow
52
Q

what is the radius and ulna

A
  • two bones are positioned next to each other
  • shorter radius sits more cranial to the ulna (forms the forearm)
  • distally the radius and ulna adjoin the bones of the carpus (wrist)
53
Q

what are the carpal bones

A
  • a collection of short bones positioned to form the carpal joint.
  • distally join metacarpals
54
Q

what are phalanges

A
  • bones of the toes or digits

- 3 bones for each digit but varies in animals

55
Q

what are the bones compromising the hind limb?

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • tibia and fibula
  • tarsal bones
  • metatarsal bones
  • phalanges or digits
  • pelvis
56
Q

features of the pelvis

A
  • attaches to hind limbs to spine
  • consists of 3 bones which fused together when animals stop growing
  • pelvis attaches to sacral vertebrae and femur joins pelvis
57
Q

what is the femur

A
  • the bone of the upper aspect of the hindlimb
  • proximally adjoins the pelvis to form hip
  • distally joins tibia and fibula bones to form stifle (knee)
58
Q

features of the tibia and fibula

A
  • two bones positioned next to each other
  • shin in humans
  • fibula is located laterally and smaller than tibia
  • distally tibia and fibula adjoin the bones of the tarsus
59
Q

what are tarsal bones

A
  • short bones position to form the tarsus joint

- distally joint the metatarsus

60
Q

what are metatarsal bones

A
  • the hindlimb equivalent of the metacarpal bones
61
Q

joints are classified into 3 groups, what are they

A
  • fibrous joints (immobile)
  • cartilaginous joints (slightly moveable)
  • synovial joints ( highly moveable)
62
Q

features of cartilage

A
  • a dense clear connective tissue
  • found primarily in joints, at ends of bones.
  • consists of chondrocytes, collagen and many elastic fibres but no calcium
  • tough and rigid but with some give.
  • does not have good blood supply and has poor ability to heal if damaged
63
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline articular cartilage
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic cartilage
64
Q

features of hyaline articular cartilage

A
  • forms the articular surfaces at the ends of bones
  • smooth, shiny and white
  • functions to cushion bones, acts as shock absorber
  • allows smooth movements and prevents bones rubbing on each other
  • very thin and poor blood supply
65
Q

features of fibrocartilage

A
  • stronger than hyaline
  • found in the intervertebral discs
  • the shock absorber in the stifle joint
66
Q

features of elastic cartilage

A
  • contains more elastic fibres than others, so very flexible
67
Q

what does the synovial joints consist of

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments
68
Q

what is the joint capsule

A
  • surrounds whole joint

- made up of an outer fibrous protective capsule and inner smooth synovial membrane

69
Q

features of synovial membrane

A
  • lines the joint cavity and secretes joint fluid
70
Q

features of synovial fluid

A
  • viscous (thick) consistency
  • reduces friction
  • shock absorption
  • nutrition for articular cartilage
71
Q

features of ligaments

A
  • tough fibrous connective tissue
  • may be located on inside or outside of joint capsule
  • bind and hold bones together, providing stability for joints.
  • prevent excessive movements of the bones
72
Q

joints in the forelimb

A
  • shoulder
  • elbow
  • carpus
  • paw
73
Q

joints in the hindlimb

A
  • hip
  • stifle
  • tarsus or hock
  • paw
74
Q

what is the purpose of ball and socket joints

A
  • allow for movement
75
Q

what for hinge joints allow for

A
  • only allow flexion & extension
76
Q

define flexion

A
  • bending of a joint

- grind angle of bones together

77
Q

define extension

A
  • straightening of a joint

- increasing angle between bones

78
Q

define abduction

A
  • moving limb away from midline
79
Q

define adduction

A
  • moving limb towards midline
80
Q

some notable differences of a bird skeleton

A
  • hollow bones that reduce weight of the skeleton
  • elongated bones in the forelimb to support the wings
  • extended enlarged sternum used to attach major flight muscles
  • spinal vertebrae in lower back are fused to provide rigid structure that will support flight
  • pelvis is fused to the spine

anatomy and phys (7 decks)

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