Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and phys > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of

A

endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream through capillary walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the endocrine glands in the endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are hormones made up of

A
  • proteins
  • fatty acids
  • cholesterols
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are hormones controlled

A

levels of certain chemicals in the blood, so they are only released at appropriate times & amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

hormones travel around the body sending messages to different target tissues & organs. bind to receptor sites at the target cell and induce changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

features & functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • connected to pituitary gland by specialised vascular system
  • releases hormones which stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

features & functions of the pituitary gland

A
  • small sized gland located at base of brain
  • divided into anterior and posterior lobes
  • releases various stimulating hormones into bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anterior pituitary hormones:

A
  • FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone
  • LH - luteinising hormone
  • ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • TSH -thyroid stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of FSH

A
  • stimulates ovary to produce follicles containing egg

- stimulates the testes to produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name & function of LH or ICSH

A
  • luteinising hormone or interstitial cell stimulating hormone
  • acts in ovary to stimulate ovulation
  • acts on interstitial cells in the testis to stimulate testosterone production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name & function of ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotrophic hormone

- stimulates adrenal gland to produce hormones that help body cope w/ stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name & function of TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone

- stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name & function of GH

A
  • growth hormone

- acts on all tissues of the body, stimulating growth & repair of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can excess or inadequate GH cause

A
  • excess causes gigantism or acromegaly

- inadequate GH causes pituitary dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of prolactin

A
  • stimulates mammary glands to develop during pregnancy

- stimulates milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of oxytocin

A
  • targets uterus during birth causes contractions

- acts on mammary gland tissue resulting in milk let down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name & function of ADH

A
  • targets convoluted tubules in the kidneys to reabsorb water, increasing blood volume & pressure
  • reduces amount of water lost from the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are feedback mechanisms

A

mechanisms your body has in place to ensure the correct amount of hormone is produced & released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

features of positive feedback

A
  • rare & only occur in certain situations

- this loop increase or amplified the effect in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

features of negative feedback

A

self regulating mechanism to prevent excessive production of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

negative feedback mechanisms apply to what hormones?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
  • thyroxine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

anatomy of the thyroid gland

A
  • located at base of the ventral neck

- has 2 lobes on either due of the trachea near the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

function of the thyroid gland

A
  • secretes thyroxine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the function of thyroxine

A
  • sets the pace for metabolism in the entire body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are two conditions of the thyroid gland

A
  • hyperthyroidism - over production of thyroxine

- hypothyroidism - underproduction of thyroxine

28
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A
  • hyperactive or restless
  • unkempt fur coats
  • big appetite but losing weight
  • drinking & urinating more than normal
  • can have fast heart tears & high blood pressure
29
Q

signs of hypothyroidism

A
  • sluggish
  • overweight
  • dry coat
  • skin changes
30
Q

what is the parathyroid gland

A

small glands that sit next to the thyroid gland & produce a hormone called parathyroid hormone

31
Q

what is the parathyroid hormone responsible for?

A

calcium & phosphorous regulation in the body

32
Q

when the parathyroid detects a drop in calcium or rise in phosphorous, the parathyroid gland increases the amount of calcium, how does it achieve this?

A
  • reabsorbing calcium from bone
  • increasing calcium absorption in the gut
  • increasing the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, whilst excreting phosphorous
33
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism

A

a parathyroid disease that causes excessive parathyroid hormone to be excreted

34
Q

what is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  • due to poor nutrition
  • occurs due to low levels of calcium in the diet
  • causes excessive bone resorption
35
Q

what is primary hyperparathyroidism

A

the abnormal enlargement of the parathyroid gland adjacent to the thyroid gland can be seen with cancer

36
Q

what is renal secondary hyperthyroidism

A
  • due to chronic kidney failure

- complex condition occurs when there is reduce filtration through the glomerulus

37
Q

anatomy of the adrenal glands

A
  • cranial to each kidney
  • pea sized in a dog
  • divided into a cortex (outside layer) & medulla (centre)
38
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal glands

A
  • glucocorticoids

- mineralocorticoids

39
Q

what is the adrenal cortex responsible for secreting?

A
  • cortisol (stress hormone)

- aldosterone

40
Q

what is the adrenal medulla responsible for

A
  • adrenaline
41
Q

what are corticosteroids important for

A
  • glucose regulation
  • body’s response to stress
  • regulating or decreasing the inflammatory & immune responses
42
Q

features & functions of cortisol

A
  • the stress hormone
  • suppresses immune system
  • ## increases blood glucose when released
43
Q

name of cushings disease

A

hyperadrenocorticism

44
Q

how is cushings disease caused?

A

either tumours in the pituitary gland (too much ACTH) or in the adrenal cortex (too much cortisol), both resulting in excessive cortisol in bloodstream

45
Q

signs of cushings disease

A
  • excessive drinking & urination
  • symmetrical hair loss
  • skin infections
  • pot bellied
46
Q

what hormone does the adrenal cortex produce? ( not cortisol) & what organ does it act on?

A
  • aldosterone
  • acts on kidneys to control sodium & potassium levels
  • regulates water balance & therefore blood pressure
47
Q

what is aldosterone responsible for?

A
  • resorption of sodium
  • excretion of potassium
  • with reabsorption of sodium comes water reabsorption; increasing the circulating blood volume & maintains blood pressure
48
Q

name of addison’s disease

A

hypoadrenocorticism

49
Q

addison’s disease occurs due to what?

A
  1. low cortisol levels

2. low aldosterone levels

50
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce?

A
  • adrenaline

- noradrenaline

51
Q

why does the adrenal medulla secrete adrenaline

A

stimulation of the nerves of the sympathetic nervous system trigger the adrenal medulla to secrete these hormones

52
Q

adrenaline acts on the body immediately, why?

A

it is responsible for the flight & fight response & therefore survival

53
Q

actions of adrenaline?

A
  • increases heart rate
  • constricts peripheral blood vessels to increase blood pressure ( sending oxygenated blood to just the organs that need it)
  • dilates the airways (opens the airways)
  • dilates pupils (assist with visualisation)
54
Q

hormones produces by the ovaries

A
  • oestrogen

- progesterone

55
Q

how is oestrogen released

A

under the influence of FSH, oestrogen is released from the follicle inside the ovaries

56
Q

oestrogen travels to the pituitary gland & stimulates it to release what?

A

LH ( luteinizing hormone)

57
Q

how is progesterone produced

A

progesterone is released from the corpus luteum formed after the follicle ruptures in the ovary

58
Q

what hormone is produced by the testis

A

testosterone

59
Q

how is testosterone released

A

it’s released by the interstitial cells in the testis under the influence of LH or ICSH

60
Q

what hormones does the kidneys produce

A

erythropoietin

61
Q

what does erythropoietin control?

A

rbc numbers
- kidneys detect when the body had low levels of oxygen & erythropoietin is released into the blood stream & acts bone marrow to stimulate production & release of rbc

62
Q

anatomy of the pancreas

A
  • located adjacent to duodenum
  • L shaped feathery light pink organ
  • has endo & exocrine functions
63
Q

what is the exocrine pancreas function

A
  • produces digestive enzymes (amylase & lipase) which are secreted into a duct that enters the duodenum
64
Q

what is the endocrine pancreas function

A
  • produces insulin; produced by the islet cells scattered in the pancreas
65
Q

how is insulin secreted

A

it’s secreted by small clusters of islet cells that sit in between the exocrine cells that make the digestive enzymes

anatomy and phys (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions