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anatomy and phys > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal system

A

a group of specialised organs responsible for the digestion & absorption of food and excretion of waste products

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2
Q

what are the organs involved in the gastrointestinal system?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
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3
Q

what glands are associated in the GI tract?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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4
Q

what are the three functions of the GI tract?

A
  1. the digestion of food
  2. the absorption of food
  3. the elimination of wastes
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5
Q

What ways does digestion break down food

A
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • microbial
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6
Q

what is the mouth compromised of?

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • cheeks
  • hard palate
  • soft palate
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
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7
Q

what is the function of the tongue

A

helps with the process of moving food around and presenting it for swallowing

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8
Q

function of teeth

A

break down good into smaller particles

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9
Q

what are the four types of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
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10
Q

features of incisors

A
  • the very front teeth
  • used for nibbling & biting food from its origin
  • dogs & cats have 6 upper and lower incisors
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11
Q

dental pad features

A
  • tough thickened pad
  • cattle & sheep only have 8 lower incisors opposed against the dental pad
  • crop food by exposing teeth against dental pad
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12
Q

features of horse & rabbit teeth

A
  • grow continuously

- need a diet to wear them down appropriately

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13
Q

features of canine teeth

A
  • long fang-like teeth located behind the incisors
  • used for holding the food to tear into smaller pieces in carnivores
  • teeth are less well developed in herbivores
  • 2 upper & 2 lower
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14
Q

pre-molars and molars features

A

pre molars

  • located behind canines and in front of molars
  • used for grinding in herbivores & shearing in carnivores

molars

  • located in cheek area
  • for grinding food
  • herbivores spend considerable time chewing food with molars
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15
Q

functions of salivary glands

A

produce saliva which:

  • lubricates food to assist swallowing
  • contains some enzymes which commence digestion
  • local anti-bacterial properties
  • moistens and protects tissues of mouth
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16
Q

features of the pharynx

A
  • connects back of nasal cavity to top of trachea
  • connects oral cavity to oesophagus
  • common passage way for air & food
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17
Q

how does the pharynx reduce the chance of food entering the airways?

A

the epiglottis and soft palate move to close the airway.

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18
Q

features of the oesophagus

A
  • smooth muscular tube connect pharynx to stomach

- functions to transfer or move food to the stomach

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19
Q

what is peristalsis

A

the process of rhythmical, coordinated waves of muscular contraction and relaxation to propel food down the digestive tract

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20
Q

features of the stomach

A
  • hollow organ with strong muscular wall of several layers of smooth muscle
  • located in the cranial abdomen
  • stomach lined with tough epithelium to protect it from stomach acid
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21
Q

functions of the stomach

A
  • stores ingested food
  • mechanical digestion or breakdown of food
  • start of chemical digestion of protein by digestive enzymes and stomach acid
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22
Q

what is the purpose of mucus, HCI and pepsin

A

mucus: lubricates food and protects stomach lining
HCI: kills most pathogenic bacteria
pepsin: breaks down proteins

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23
Q

features of simple stomachs

A
  • single chamber
  • function is primarily for mechanical digestion.
  • includes dogs & cats
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24
Q

complex stomach or ruminant features

A
  • usually four chambered
  • function is for microbial digestion in herbivores - gut breaks down plant material
  • cows, sheep and goats
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25
Q

features of hindgut fermenters

A
  • microbial digestion of food occurs
  • in large intestine
  • single chambered stomach
  • horses & rabbits
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26
Q

what is the band of muscle at the opening of the stomach called and what does it prevent?

A

the gastro-oesophageal sphincter and it prevents reflux of food or acid

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27
Q

features of stomach lining

A
  • highly folded and compacted to help with mechanical breakdown of food
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28
Q

features of stomach wall

A
  • thick muscular smooth muscle wall

- permits churning and expulsion of ingesta

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29
Q

what are the 4 chambers of a complex stomach?

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum
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30
Q

features of the rumen

A
  • largest compartment

- for storage and fermentation of food

31
Q

features of the reticulum

A
  • where chemical breakdown of food occurs
32
Q

features of omasum

A
  • where absorption of water and fatty acids occur
33
Q

features of abomasum

A
  • glandular stomach (produces acid and enzymes)

- similar to simple stomach of dogs & cats

34
Q

what is fermentation

A

a metabolic process that uses enzymes to cause chemical changes to ingested food

35
Q

what is rumen fermentation

A

a process that converts ingested food into energy sources for the host

36
Q

features of small intestine

A
  • long, thin walled muscular tube
  • runs from stomach to large intestine
  • contains smooth muscle divers to propel ingests along by peristalsis
37
Q

the small intestine is divided into three parts called?

A
  • duodenum (chemical digestion)
  • jejunum ( absorption of nutrients)
  • ileum ( absorption of nutrients)
38
Q

what is the mesentery

A
  • transparent curtain like membrane that the intestine are suspended from.
  • contains blood supply to and from intestines
  • absorber food molecules are transported from here to liver
39
Q

function of the small intestine

A

most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in small intestine

40
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the site of chemical digestion by digestive enzymes

- enzymes break down large molecules of food to smaller particles for absorption

41
Q

what are the digestive enzymes present in the duodenum called?

A
  • trypsin
  • lipase
  • amylase
42
Q

purpose of trypsin

A

break down proteins into amino acids

43
Q

purpose of lipase

A

breaks down lipids into fatty acids

44
Q

purpose of amylase

A

breakdowns complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

45
Q

what is jejunum and ileum

A

sites of nutrient absorption

46
Q

what is absorption

A

the passage of digestive food molecules through the mucous membrane lining and into the bloodstream

47
Q

what is bile

A

a fluid produced by the liver and is released into the small intestine to work like a detergent to turn fat into smaller droplets

48
Q

purpose of villi

A
  • to increase surface area available for absorption
  • richly supplied with capillaries for absorption of digested food molecules
  • contain mucous glands to assist with lubrication
  • contain lymphatic tissues to protect body from infection
49
Q

the large intestine is divided into what parts?

A
  • colon
  • caecum

then followed by

  • rectum
  • anus
50
Q

features of the colon

A
  • wide in diameter but shorter in length

- main site of water absorption and absorption of water-soluble vitamins

51
Q

features of the caecum

A
  • varies in size between species
  • blind sac at start of colon where it attaches to the ileum
  • in hindgut fermenters, caecum is very large and plays an important role
52
Q

features of the rectum

A
  • storage area for faeces prior to elimination via the anus.
  • produces mucous for lubrication
53
Q

features of the anus

A
  • last part of GIT
  • set of two muscular bands controlling defaecation
  • under conscious control
54
Q

functions of large intestine in dogs & cats

A
  • absorb water
  • absorb water soluble vitamins
  • form faeces
55
Q

what are hindgut fermenters

A

species that have a greatly enlarged caecum and colon that acts similarly to the rumen as its like a large microbial fermentation vat.

56
Q

what are foregut fermenters

A

animals with complex 4-chambered stomachs are called foregut fermenters

57
Q

features of the liver

A
  • performs many vital functions
  • second largest organ
  • located in cranial abdomen
  • has tremendous regenerative capacity & repair well if damaged.
58
Q

functions of the liver

A
  • produces bile
  • processes food
  • manufacture proteins
  • detoxifying substances
  • removal of old rbc from circulation
  • storage of minerals and the fat suluble vitamins A, D, E, K
59
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gall bladder

60
Q

absorbed food molecules are transferred via the?

A

hepatic portal system

61
Q

what does the hepatic portal venous system do

A

collects absorbed nutrients from the gut and gets them ready for use by the body

62
Q

what are the vessels entering and leaving the liver?

A
  1. arterial (entering)
  2. venous (entering)
  3. venous (leaving)
63
Q

features of the hepatic artery

A
  • branches off aorta and enters the liver

- delivers oxygenated blood to liver cells - main blood supply to liver

64
Q

hepatic portal venous system features

A
  • delivers nutrient rich DEOXYGENATED blood to liver from intestine
65
Q

hepatic vein features

A
  • delivers oxygenated blood full of processed nutrients

- from liver to vena cabs then back to heart

66
Q

what is detoxifying

A

the breakdown of toxins that may be absorbed by the intestines

67
Q

what is glucose metabolism

A

the body breaking down glycogen to glucose to release to the body when required

68
Q

what is fat metabolism

A

when fats may be broken down or made into more complex structures required by body tissues.

69
Q

pancreas features

A
  • small l shaped structure

- located between stomach and duodenum

70
Q

pancreas functions

A
  • produces digestive enzymes

- produces hormone insulin

71
Q

what are the two parts of the pancreas that performs vital functions

A

endocrine and exocrine pancreas

72
Q

exocrine pancreas functions

A
  • produces and secretes digestive enzymes to break down components of food
73
Q

what are the three digestive enzymes

A
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • protease
74
Q

endocrine pancreas function

A
  • produces hormone insulin
  • secretes insulin into the bloodstream to make its way to every cell
  • insulin is required by every cell to control uptake of glucose

anatomy and phys (7 decks)

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