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Histology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bone is produced in intramembranous ossification?

A

woven bone (later remodeled to compact bone)

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2
Q

What accounts for the flexibility and compressibility of cartilage?

A

water in the ground substance (60-80%)

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3
Q

How do osteocytes communicate?

A

via gap junctions

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4
Q

Cartilage is covered by the ____; bone is covered by the ____.

A

perichondrium; periosteum

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5
Q

What type of cartilage would you find in these articular areas? Knee, TMJ, shoulder, sternum - ligaments, tendons, pubic symphysis?

A

fibrocartilage

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6
Q

___ is the deposit of urates and uric acid crystals into joints.

A

Gout

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7
Q

What callous forms after the provisional callous?

A

bony

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8
Q

A ____ fracture is a bone broken into several pieces.

A

comminuted

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9
Q

What type of systems does compact bone contain?

A

Haversian systems (osteons)

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10
Q

The ___ surrounds the central core called the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral discs.

A

annulus pulposus

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11
Q

Cartilage is ___ in juveniles and ___ in adults.

A

widespread; limited

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12
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

a monocyte to macrophage lineage (phagocytic)

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13
Q

What vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of collagen?

A

vitamin C

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14
Q

Ends of bones are composed of ___ bone covered in ____ cartilage.

A

cancellous; hyaline articular

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15
Q

What are the longitudinal canals in bone that connect Haversian canals?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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16
Q

____ growth is when new cartilage forms at the surface or periphery of pre-existing cartilage.

A

Appositional

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17
Q

After a fracture, mesenchymal cells differentiate into ___ and secrete matrix to progressively replace granulation tissue by hyaline cartilage to produce a ___.

A

chondroblasts; provisional callous

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18
Q

In adults, insufficient calcium and vitamin D can lead to ____.

A

osteomalacia

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19
Q

____ contains blood vessels in what are called ____.

A

Thick; secondary cartilage canals

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20
Q

How are osteons produced?

A

via bony remodeling

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21
Q

What types of cells does the periosteum contain?

A

fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

What is the ground substance of cartilage made up of?

A

collagen; H2O; proteoglycans

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23
Q

At the fracture site, which types of cells from the edge of the wound produce a meshwork of woven bone?

A

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

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24
Q

Isogenous groups are separated by ____.

A

extracellular matrix

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25
Q

What are the two ways cartilage can grow?

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth

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26
Q

___ happens when there is a vitamin C deficiency and the bone matrix is not calcified.

A

Scurvy

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27
Q

Where are osteoclasts primarily found?

A

in endosteal/periosteal surface depressions called Howship’s lacunae

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28
Q

What proportions produce the three major types of cartilage?

A

relative proportions of matrix and fibers

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29
Q

What is the order of differentiation from mesenchymal cells to cartilage?

A

mesenchymal cells of inner perichondrium&raquo_space; chondroblasts&raquo_space; chondrocytes

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30
Q

What type of tissue does repair generally produce?

A

dense connective tissue (fibrosis)

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31
Q

What two antagonistic hormones regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

parathormone and calcitonin

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32
Q

____ cartilage differs from hyaline cartilage in that it has the addition of large numbers of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix.

A

Elastic

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33
Q

A ____ fracture has no break in the skin.

A

simple/closed

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34
Q

____ lead to the production of irregular new bone at edges of surfaces called “bone spurs.”

A

Osteophytes

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35
Q

How does the exchange of metabolites occur in cartilage?

A

via diffusion through the ground substance

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36
Q

What non-collagenous organic molecule is concentrated from plasma?

A

sialoproteins

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37
Q

Are synovial joints a kind of epithelium?

A

NO - no basement membrane so not a true epithelium

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38
Q

What are the two main forms of bone?

A

woven and lamellar

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39
Q

What are some examples of GAG’s (glycosaminoglycans)?

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate

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40
Q

____ growth is when cartilage forms within mass because chondrocytes maintain ability to divide.

A

Interstitial

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41
Q

____ differentiate into rounded chondroblasts which grow and synthesize ground substance and fibrous extracellular matrix and trap chondroblasts in lacunae.

A

Stellate mesenchymal cells

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42
Q

A ____ fracture has damage to the skin, exposing bone.

A

compound/open

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43
Q

In intramembranous ossification (vault of the skull), how are the cells differentiated?

A

mesenchymal cells&raquo_space; osteoblasts&raquo_space; osteoid&raquo_space; mineralize into bone matrix

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44
Q

What are trabeculae? What are open spaces of bone?

A

spicules; marrow cavity

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45
Q

What is ankylosis?

A

bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility

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46
Q

In appositional growth, where do we see more mature chondrocytes?

A

in the center of the mass; younger cells at periphery

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47
Q

Is there cell proliferation in the Zone of Reserve Cartilage?

A

NO

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48
Q

____ lowers blood Ca levels by stimulating bone deposition.

A

Calcitonin

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49
Q

Matrix vesicles in bone contain what enzyme?

A

alkaline phosphatase

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50
Q

Is fibrocartilage mostly made up of ground substance?

A

YES

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51
Q

Which cells are responsible for making the extracellular matrix in collagen?

A

osteoblasts

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52
Q

Synovial joints have two types of cells: A and B. Type A synoviocytes resemble ___ and Type B synoviocytes resemble ___.

A

macrophages; fibroblasts

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53
Q

What proliferates into the fracture site to form granulation tissue?

A

fibroblasts and capillaries

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54
Q

What accounts for the relative strengths of bone and cartilage?

A

ground substance properties and extracellular fibers

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55
Q

What does parathormone do?

A

increases blood Ca levels

decreases renal excretion

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56
Q

What 3 hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

parathormone, calcitonin and somatotropin

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57
Q

After a break, what is progressively developed and remodeled to form mature lamellar bone?

A

the bony callous

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58
Q

You would only find Haversian systems in ___ bone.

A

compact lamellar

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59
Q

Fibrocartilage lacks ___ and is found in intervertebral discs and some articular areas.

A

perichondrium

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60
Q

Where would one find hyaline cartilage?

A

articular surfaces, growth plates, nasal septum, costal cartilage, tracheal and bronchial rings

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61
Q

What does bone have an affinity for?

A

heavy metals and radioactive isotopes (why lead paint in harmful)

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62
Q

Mineralized bone is in the form of ____ crystals (salts).

A

hydroxyapatite

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63
Q

Osteocalcin, osteonectin, and sialoproteins are all ____ organic molecules.

A

non-collagenous

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64
Q

How do osteoclasts function in homeostasis?

A

calcium homeostasis by producing acids and lysozymes that digest bone

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65
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

external ear, auditory and Eustacian canals, epiglottis and larynx

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66
Q

Vascular collagenous tissue becomes more fibrous and then forms ____.

A

fibrous granulation tissue

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67
Q

What are the secondary centers of ossification in endochondral ossification?

A

epiphyses (mineralization spreads across cartilage matrix)

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68
Q

What MAY be inhibitory to tumor development in cartilage?

A

its lack of blood vessels (i.e. lack of nutrients overall)

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69
Q

What cells produce organic acids, such as carbonic anhydrase?

A

osteoclasts

70
Q

Alkaline phosphatase buds off osteoblasts via vesicles and ___.

A

causes precipitation of mineral salts (calcium + phosphate) into the matrix of bone

71
Q

In which zone do chondrocytes increase in size (hypertrophy)?

A

Zone of Maturation

72
Q

What is exchanged in Haversian vessels?

A

waste and nutrients

73
Q

New chondrocytes are derived from ___.

A

mesenchymal cells of inner perichondrium

74
Q

Where would we see endochondral ossification?

A

in the fetus

75
Q

____ stimulates osteoclast activity to allow bone resporption.

A

Parathormone

76
Q

What do osteoblasts mature into?

A

osteocytes (within lacunae)

77
Q

What is a primary cartilage joint? What is a secondary cartilage joint?

A

synchondrosis (contains single layer of hyaline cartilage); symphysis (contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by a fibrocartilage plate)

78
Q

What are the two classifications of joints?

A

Synovial (movable) and non-sinovial (non-movable) joints

79
Q

What is hyaline cartilage characterized by?

A

small aggregates of chondrocytes in ground substance reinforced by Type II collagen fibers

80
Q

_____ is the direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone and does not have. cartilage precursor.

A

Intramembranous ossification

81
Q

___ in intervertebral joints are derived from the notochord.

A

Intervertebral discs

82
Q

What is the replacement of articular cartilage with fibrovascular tissue called?

A

Pannus

83
Q

What happens at maturity in mammals, when hormonal changes decrease cartilage proliferation?

A

closure of epiphysis

84
Q

What is the most common glycoprotein in the cartilaginous extracellular matrix?

A

chondronectin

85
Q

What does the Haversian canal contain?

A

blood vessels and nerves

86
Q

The shaft of a long bone is composed of ___ bone; the medullary cavity is composed of ____ bone.

A

compact; cancellous

87
Q

___ bones have a shaft (diaphysis), metaphyses, and epiphyses.

A

Long

88
Q

____ stimulates growth of epiphyseal cartilage and bone and decreases blood calcium levels (bone deposition).

A

Somatotropin

89
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

90
Q

Where does the primary center of ossification occur in endochondral ossification?

A

middle of diaphysis

91
Q

What are the 2 ways bone growth is controlled?

A

endochondral ossification and intermembranous ossification

92
Q

Why is repair in cartilage limited?

A

because repair requires an adequate amount of blood flow to allow inflammatory response

93
Q

In ____, the resorption of bone by osteoclasts exceeds deposition by osteoblasts and leads to loss of bone mass.

A

osteoporosis

94
Q

The ____ is when the fracture site is completely bridged by woven bone.

A

bony union

95
Q

What layer is the internal marrow cavity lined by?

A

endosteum

96
Q

The broken bone needs to be set before what happens?

A

the transformation of the bony callous

97
Q

Intervertebral joints are a special type of ___ joint.

A

symphysis

98
Q

In which zone do capillaries grow into growth plate and chondrocytes degenerate and lacunae are invaded by osteogenic cells?

A

Zone of Degeneration (Death)

99
Q

In the ____, blood vessels grow into cartilage mass and osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bony trabeculae?

A

Zone of Ossification

100
Q

What type of bone lacks a Haversian system?

A

spongy and woven bone

101
Q

What parts of bones are compact? What parts of bones are spongy?

A

cortex of long bones; ends of bones

102
Q

___ joints, or diarthroses, are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and lined by a thick synovium which secretes synovial fluid.

A

Synovial

103
Q

___ bone can be dense and compact or cancellous/spongy.

A

Lamellar

104
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

105
Q

What is dense fibrous tissue in between bone called?

A

syndesmosis

106
Q

Damage to what part of the intervertebral disc can cause the nucleus pulposus to herniate?

A

annulus pulposus

107
Q

What are inactive Haversian systems known as?

A

interstitial systems

108
Q

___ is secreted by the parathyroid hormone and ___ is secreted by the thyroid gland.

A

Parathormone; calcitonin

109
Q

What bone cells can differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes?

A

osteoprogenitor cells (resting mesenchymal cells)

110
Q

How may osteoporosis be treated?

A

oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation; chondroitin, glucosamine, and gelatin

111
Q

Which joints lack an articular surface?

A

non-synovial

112
Q

___ are actively involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone.

A

Osteoclasts

113
Q

What type of cartilage is the precursor for bone in most of the skeleton?

A

hyaline cartilage

114
Q

In the skull, what are the sutures of the bone derived from and called?

A

syndesmosis; synostosis

115
Q

What non-collagenous organic molecule binds intracellular calcium during mineralization?

A

osteocalcin

116
Q

GAG’s of bone ground substance are mostly:

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate

117
Q

In ____, the body produces antibodies that attack joints and cause damage to articular cartilage, thickening and inflaming synovial membrane.

A

rheumatoid arthritis

118
Q

What happens due to calcification of cartilage matrix?

A

calcification inhibits diffusion of nutrients, which leads to death of chondrocytes and spread of osteoblasts

119
Q

____ is the peripheral zone of dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts, collagen and immature chondroblasts.

A

Perichondrium

120
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum migrate into the bone’s ___, along with growing blood vessels.

A

medulla

121
Q

___ bone is the immature form characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers.

A

Woven

122
Q

Where does cartilage formation begin?

A

stellate mesenchymal cells

123
Q

Is cartilage a bone precursor?

A

YES

124
Q

Do long bones contain both fatty and red marrow?

A

YES

125
Q

____ stimulates osteoblast activity, thereby inhibiting osteoclasts and allowing bone deposition.

A

Calcitonin

126
Q

____ is the replacement of cartilage by bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

127
Q

____ consists of alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue (Type I and Type II collagen).

A

Fibrocartilage

128
Q

Red wine, meat, asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts (which are high in nitrogen) can all potentially cause ___.

A

gout

129
Q

Are new and old osteons mixed?

A

YES (may minimize fractures)

130
Q

Bony repair is like a cross between which two responses?

A

inflammatory response and intramembranous ossification

131
Q

What is cartilage surrounded by?

A

perichondrium

132
Q

What is territorial matrix?

A

slightly darker staining matrix seen right around isogenous groups

133
Q

Which zone has successive mitotic division of chondrocytes?

A

Zone of Proliferation

134
Q

What non-collagenous organic molecule binds collagen and minerals?

A

osteonectin

135
Q

Bone and cartilage are both derived from ____ cells.

A

primitive mesenchymal

136
Q

What kind of tissue are non-synovial joints joined by?

A

dense connective tissue

137
Q

In ____, the resulting woven bone is remodeled by resorption and appositional growth.

A

endochondral ossification

138
Q

In humans, which long bone is the last to close?

A

femur

139
Q

Osteocytes are connected by small canals called ____.

A

canaliculi

140
Q

What type of bone is later remodeled into lamellar bone and contains concentric layers with parallel collagen fibers?

A

Woven

141
Q

What layer is the external surface of bone covered by?

A

periosteum (fibrous connective tissue)

142
Q

What are the secondary functions of the skeletal system?

A

protection, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis

143
Q

As compared to synovial joints, ___ joints have very limited movement.

A

non-synovial

144
Q

How do cells differentiate in intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate immediately into osteoblasts and begin synthesizing osteoid at MULTIPLE sites

145
Q

Further mitotic divisions produce clusters of ___, which are referred to as isogenous groups.

A

chondrocytes

146
Q

Where do osteoprogenitor cells reside in the bone?

A

in the periosteum and endosteum

147
Q

What kind of cartilage is the precursor of a long bone formed from?

A

hyaline cartilage

148
Q

Those affected by ___ have bones that do not calcify normally due to insufficient calcium or vitamin D.

A

rickets

149
Q

What hormone leads to gigantism or acromegaly if over-secreted and pituitary dwarfism if under-secreted?

A

Somatotropin

150
Q

Which WBC is the first to arrive on scene after a fracture (acute phase)?

A

neutrophils

151
Q

____ is the progressive degeneration and loss of articular cartilage.

A

Osteoarthritis

152
Q

___ synthesize large amounts of protein and proteoglycans within their cytoplasm.

A

Osteoblasts

153
Q

Weakening of the periodontal ligaments and breakdown of old scars and wounds is indicative of a ___ deficiency.

A

vitamin C ( = collagen breakdown

154
Q

Where is the digested bone secreted into?

A

the ruffled border

155
Q

____ bone contains a network of thin, bony trabeculae and open spaces.

A

Cancellous (spongy)

156
Q

When blood fills a fracture site, what is it called?

A

hematoma

157
Q

What are osteoblasts responsible for?

A

calcification of matrix via secretion of matrix vesicles

158
Q

Which cells secrete osteoid, which mineralizes and forms the periosteal cuff?

A

osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

159
Q

Why does cartilage harden with age?

A

because the invasion of the site with blood vessels results in death of chondrocytes and formation of bone (calcification via deposition of calcium phosphate crystals into matrix)

160
Q

What so stellate mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

chondroblasts

161
Q

In the ____, chondrocytes greatly enlarge and contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated, and calcify.

A

Zone of Hypertrophy (and Calcification)

162
Q

What is the general ultrastructure of cortical bone?

A

outer periphery is arranged in circumferential lamallae and covered by periosteum

163
Q

What leads to the formation of a cement line in an osteon?

A

edge of hole dug by osteoclast and then invasion of the hole by osteoblasts

164
Q

What is interterritorial matrix?

A

paler staining matrix further out from isogenous groups

165
Q

These fibers extend from the periosteum and insert into the superficial layers of bone and provide anchors of support.

A

Sharpey’s fibers

166
Q

Osteoarthritis leads to and causes:

A

Inflammation of joints
Pitting, erosion, eburnation and pain of joint capsule
Limits range of motion
Bone spurs
Progressive buildup of osteophytes which could lead to bony fusion

167
Q

What does the metaphysis contain?

A

epiphyseal plate

168
Q

More than 90% of the organic component of bone is ___.

A

Type I collagen

169
Q

Are osteoclasts multinucleate cells?

A

YES

170
Q

What material made by osteoblasts is similar to cartilage and later mineralizes to form new bone?

A

osteoid

171
Q

What is essentially the only synchondrosis in the body?

A

the joint between the sternum and the first rib

Histology (6 decks)

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