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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the olfactory receptors’ bipolar neurons synapse?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

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2
Q

What is emphysema characterized by?

A

permanent enlargement of alveoli (bulla formation)

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3
Q

Which kinds of white blood cells are present in large numbers in the submucosa of asthmatics?

A

mast cells and eosinophils

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4
Q

What does the nasopharynx connect the middle ear to? What do these do?

A

Eustachian tubes (allows equilibration of air pressure)

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5
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

covers opening of the larynx to protect trachea during swallowing

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6
Q

How do cilia beat synchronously?

A

through metachronal rhythm

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7
Q

What is emphysema initiated by?

A

chronic inhalation of particulate matter

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8
Q

Why does pneumothorax usually remain unilateral?

A

because of separating mediastinum

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9
Q

These diseases are often caused by sharp crystals cannot be phagocytosed that eventually lead to pulmonary fibrosis due to accumulation of silicic acid in the lungs.

A

silicosis and asbestosis

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10
Q

Infections associated with pneumonia can ___ production of pleural fluid (pleurisy).

A

decrease

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11
Q

____ may be the first step on the road to neoplasia.

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

In asthmatics, the increased respiration and irritation causes mast cells to release what that causes smooth muscle contraction and vasodilation?

A

histamine

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13
Q

____ is caused by chronic obstruction of air flow and destruction of alveolar septa and decreased surface area for gas exchange.

A

Emphysema

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the entirety of the upper respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

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15
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages?

A

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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16
Q

What are the hairs in the external respiratory tract that trap particulate matter called?

A

sinus hairs

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17
Q

What does the larynx house?

A

both true and false vocal chords

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18
Q

What does the caudal opening of the trachea contain?

A

connective tissue membrane and smooth trachealis muscle

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19
Q

At what level does gas exchange in the respiratory system begin?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

Which developmental pharyngeal arches do the larynx and epiglottis develop from? What are the derivations innervated by?

A

4th (superior laryngeal) and 6th (recurrent laryngeal)

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21
Q

What do the Type II pneumocyte secretions do?

A

act as surfactant

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22
Q

If the Heimlich maneuver fails, where would you place a sharp object for an emergency tracheostomy to allow air flow?

A

in the jugular/suprasternal notch

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23
Q

What is fluid within the pleural space called?

A

pleural effusion

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24
Q

The trachea subdivides into which segments?

A

trachea&raquo_space; mainstem bronchi&raquo_space;lobar bronchi&raquo_space; segmental bronchi

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25
Q

Smoking impairs ___, which first lose synchronicity and then die.

A

cilia

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26
Q

Which alveolar cells contain intracytoplasmic granules called lamellar bodies that contain phospholipids?

A

Type II pneumocytes

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27
Q

What are adhesions between visceral and parietal pleura called?

A

connective tissue tags

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28
Q

What muscle and ligament do the true vocal chords contain?

A

vocalis muscle and vocalis ligament

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29
Q

What white blood cell counteracts the effects of histamine?

A

eosinophils with histaminase

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30
Q

The upper respiratory tract contains many glands. What kind are the most prevalent?

A

seromucous (mixed glands)

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31
Q

Bronchitis, asthma and emphysema are collectively referred to as ____.

A

COPD

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32
Q

During ___, intercostal muscles relax and lower ribs, diaphragm relaxes, and the intrathoracic pressure increases.

A

expiration

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33
Q

Why does the replacement of respiratory epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium (metaplasia) leave smoker’s with a characteristic “hack?”

A

because this non-ciliated epithelium may be sturdier, but it is ineffective in mucus removal

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34
Q

Where in the bronchi does cartilage and serous glands become absent?

A

beyond segmental (3’) bronchi (starting at the bronchioles)

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35
Q

The function of ____ is to control luminal diameter of airways and airflow resistance and take over the support function of cartilage.

A

alveolar rings

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36
Q

What is fluid within the alveoli of lungs called?

A

pulmonary edema

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37
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the nasal cavity?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (mucus-secreting)

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38
Q

Why are the hyaline cartilaginous rings located caudally on the trachea?

A

to allow and facilitate swallowing

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39
Q

What developmental layer does the early respiratory system interact with?

A

mesoderm

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40
Q

What are the 3 single laryngeal cartilages?

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic

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41
Q

Embryologically, where does the respiratory tract originate from?

A

an outgrowth of the GI tract (respiratory diverticulum from esophagus)

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42
Q

Almost all of the alveolar surface area is covered by what specialized epithelial cells?

A

Type I pneumocytes

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43
Q

What type of epithelial cells are present in terminal bronchioles?

A

tall, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

44
Q

How many cartilages does the larynx have?

A

9 (3 single and 3 paired)

45
Q

What is the upper respiratory system considered due to its lack of air exchange?

A

anatomical dead space

46
Q

False vocal chords are covered in respiratory epithelium. What epithelial tissue covers true vocal chords and the epiglottis? Why?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; more resistant to abrasion from phonation

47
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

behind the trachea

48
Q

What are the two cell layers of the air-blood barrier?

A

Type I pneumocyte and the endothelial cell of the capillary

49
Q

What are brush cells and where do you find them?

A

generalized sensory cells (columnar) with apical microvilli; olfactory epithelium

50
Q

Is the air in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi) used for gas exhchange?

A

NO

51
Q

What type of epithelium are pleural cavities lined by?

A

simple squamous to cuboidal mesothelium (overlays irregular collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers)

52
Q

Is the pleural space normally a vacuum?

A

YES - partial to maintain negative intrathoracic pressure

53
Q

What are the alveolar macrophages?

A

“dust cells” that phagocytose particulate matter and microorganisms

54
Q

____ is initiated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes on cells membranes and require phagocytosis.

A

Asthma

55
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium supported by?

A

lamina propria

56
Q

A greatly increased intrathoracic pressure from a deflated lung is known as ___.

A

pneumothorax

57
Q

Is there direct drainage of alveoli?

A

NO - only indirect via interstitium of alveolar septum

58
Q

The larynx and trachea are lined by many ___ glands.

A

seromucous (mixed)

59
Q

Which type of cells are part of the diffuse enteroendocrine system (secrete GI hormones), are historical remnants of the gut, and are scattered throughout the respiratory tract?

A

Kulchitsky or K-cells

60
Q

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory tract?

A

olfaction and phonation

61
Q

What causes the destruction of elastic fibers and structural proteins in emphysema?

A

release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages

62
Q

____ is the formation of nodules or tubercles, walled off by inflammatory cells (macrophages and giant cells) and a fibrotic capsule.

A

Tuberculosis

63
Q

What is asthma caused by?

A

chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation and exaggerated bronchoconstriction

64
Q

Can Type II pneumocytes differentiate into Type I pneumocytes?

A

YES

65
Q

Besides phonation, what is another function of vocal chords?

A

vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from entry of foreign bodies

66
Q

Muscularis mucosae is prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as ____.

A

alveolar rings

67
Q

Lymphatic obstruction can lead to ____ or ____.

A

pleural effusion; pulmonary edema

68
Q

Irritation to the upper airways triggers a ___ reflex; irritation to the lower airways triggers a ___ reflex.

A

sneeze; cough

69
Q

What type of pleura lines the thoracic wall?

A

parietal

70
Q

What do Clara cells produce? Why is this important?

A

lipoproteins; its vesicles secrete this primary component of surfactant in airways

71
Q

What are they called sinus hairs?

A

the hair follicle is surrounded by.a blood-filled sinus

72
Q

What results in the production of the “Adam’s apple?”

A

The enlargement of the larynx and vocal chords at puberty in males

73
Q

What drains the pleural space?

A

second system of pleural lymphatics within the visceral pleura

74
Q

Respiration is divided into ___ and ___ respiration.

A

mechanical; cellular

75
Q

Where does the mucociliary ladder move mucus towards?

A

upwards towards the larynx (to be swallowed)

76
Q

What are the parietal and visceral pleurae separated by?

A

the pleural space containing lubricating pleural fluid

77
Q

In terminal and respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by ___ cells.

A

Clara

78
Q

What types of cartilage makes up the larynx?

A

hyaline (mostly) or elastic (arytenoids and epiglottis) cartilage

79
Q

The larynx in innervated by branches from which cranial nerve?

A

CN X (vagus nerve)

80
Q

This disease was seen in coal miners who inhaled anthracite coal dust.

A

anthracosis

81
Q

What are the thin, rounded bones in the nasal cavity called?

A

nasal conchae/turbinates

82
Q

What type of pleura covers the outer surface of the lungs?

A

visceral

83
Q

The respiratory system is derived from the ____ groove.

A

laryngotracheal

84
Q

What is located just deep to the mucosal layer in bronchioles?

A

muscularis mucosae

85
Q

What is the blood supply of alveoli?

A

capillary network supplied by pulmonary artery

86
Q

Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?

A

at the larynx

87
Q

What type of epithelium are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined by?

A

simple squamous epithelium to increase surface area

88
Q

___ respiration is associated with the lungs and functions in gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

A

Mechanical

89
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

large sinus hairs (whiskers)

90
Q

Are all bronchi lined by respiratory epithelium containing goblet cells?

A

YES - and seromucous glands

91
Q

During ___, intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs, the diaphragm contracts, and creates negative pressure in the thorax.

A

inspiration

92
Q

What is the barrier called that separates the air from the alveoli from the capillaries?

A

air-blood barrier

93
Q

Which spaces of the upper respiratory tract collectively filter, humidify, and warn inspired air?

A

paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx

94
Q

Where does the digestive tract intersect with the respiratory system?

A

at the larynx

95
Q

____ is the fibrosis or thickening of airways.

A

Bronchitis

96
Q

What are the walls between alveoli called?

A

alveolar septa

97
Q

Where are false vocal chords located in regards to the true vocal chords?

A

located superiorly and laterally to true vocal chords

98
Q

How many layers of cells layers is air within the alveolus and capillaries separated by?

A

2

99
Q

Asbestos inhalation has also been linked to benign and malignant ___.

A

mesothelioma

100
Q

The primary function of MALT is the secretion of ___ onto mucosal surfaces.

A

IgA

101
Q

Why does smoking cause an increase in mucus production?

A

because smoking is both a chemical and thermal insult

102
Q

What are the pores of Kohn?

A

alveolar pores that are communicating spaces between alveoli

103
Q

What are the two parts the respiratory system is divided into?

A

lower (lungs, bronchi) and upper (nares, nasal cavity)

104
Q

How are dust cells eliminated from the lungs?

A

mucociliary ladder

105
Q

When does the respiratory tract begin to develop? Where?

A

4th week of development; ventral midline of posterior pharynx

Histology (6 decks)

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