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Histology > Lymphoid Tissue > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the lymph node has many more cells?

A

follicles

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2
Q

What does MALT produce?

A

secretory IgA

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3
Q

Where do B- and T-cells enter the lymph node after exiting the blood stream via diapedesis?

A

parenchyma

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4
Q

Where would you find diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

throughout the body associated with mucous membranes (MALT)

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5
Q

What are stromal cells?

A

fibroblasts and reticular cells (cells with phagocytic capabilities)

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6
Q

What type of lymphoid tissue has B and T cells that acquire surface receptors?

A

primary lymphoid tissue (bone marrow and thymus)

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7
Q

The sinus under the capsule in a lymph node is the ____; the sinus within the cortex is the ___.

A

subcapsular sinus; cortical sinus

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8
Q

What cells in the thymus cortex and medulla represent degenerate reticular and epithelial nurse cells?

A

Hassal’s corpuscles

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9
Q

What are some hormones that the thymus secretes?

A

thymotaxin, thymosin, thymopoietin

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10
Q

Do B-cells undergo systemic clonal expansion?

A

NO - but T-cells do

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11
Q

What do the various hormones of the thymus do?

A

attract, regulate, and promote T-cell proliferation and differentiation into Tc, Ts, and Th cells (and eventual destruction)

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12
Q

What type of organ is the appendix in humans?

A

vestigial (more active in young children and atrophied in adults)

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13
Q

What does the outer cortex of a lymph node contain?

A

B-cells, T-cells and plasma cells

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14
Q

Do Peyer’s patches produce IgA?

A

NO - not significant quantities

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15
Q

What divides the thymus into lobules?

A

interlobular septa (trabeculae)

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16
Q

Secondary follicles contain high numbers of what immune cells?

A

lymphoblasts, macrophages, immature B- and T-cells

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17
Q

Both the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils contain characteristic luminal ___ tissue.

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial

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18
Q

What are the largest lymph nodes with fairly certain positions?

A 
submandibular
cervical
axillary
femoral
popliteal
hilar
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19
Q

____ are the sites of B-cell proliferation (secondary hemopoiesis).

A

secondary follicles

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20
Q

What is the benefit of a discontinuous endothelium in a lymph node?

A

allows the fluid to percolate and collect in the node

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21
Q

Which large lymphatic ducts eventually drain lymph back into the bloodstream?

A

thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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22
Q

Are lymph and antigen brought to the thymus like lymph nodes?

A

NO - T-cells are immature

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23
Q

What do mature T-cells express?

A

(team jerseys)

  • antigen specific T-cell receptors
  • cluster of differentiation surface markers
  • Class I and Class II HLA surface markers
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24
Q

What do the medullary sinuses contain?

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

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25
Q

MALT contains mostly __-cells.

A

B

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26
Q

Because the thymus has absent secondary follicles, it is limited ___.

A

local clonal expansion of T-cells

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27
Q

How do lymphoid cells enter the node?

A

through the bloodstream

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28
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue has a hemicapsule and epithelium with crypts and lacks a cortex and medulla?

A

palatine tonsils

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29
Q

What are lymphoid cells?

A

lymphocytes of all types

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30
Q

Can you distinguish B-cells from T-cells under the microscope?

A

NO - not without a special stain

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31
Q

Where do blood vessels enter and leave the lymph nodes?

A

hilus

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32
Q

____ are immune accessory cells (macrophages) at the periphery of germinal centers that present antigens.

A

Follicular dendritic cells

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33
Q

MALT operates analogous to ____, in that it ____.

A

lymph nodes; samples antigenic material, produces lymphoblasts, and secretes antibodies

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34
Q

What is MALT?

A

diffuse, unencapsulated lymphoid aggregates located in lamina propria

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35
Q

Where and how are lymph nodes arranged?

A

in chains or clusters along vessels of lymphatic origin

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36
Q

What is the blood-thymus barrier?

A

thymic blood vessels are surrounded by this extra layer of connective tissue to form antigenic barrier to isolate thymus

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37
Q

Does the palatine tonsil have a distinct cortex and medulla?

A

NO

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38
Q

What tonsils are associated with the Eustachian tubes?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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39
Q

Which two zones do splenic white pulp follicular areas have?

A

mantle zone AND marginal zone

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40
Q

___ have a cortex and a less cellular medulla.

A

Lymph nodes

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41
Q

What does the spleen lack that other lymphoid organs have?

A

cortex and medulla

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42
Q

What is the bulk of the spleen made up of?

A

spongy matrix of red pulp

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43
Q

How do lymphocytes respond to an antigen?

A

by increasing antibody production via clonal expansion

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44
Q

___ are paired structures located at the junction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities between tonsillar pillars (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches) in the tonsillar crypts.

A

Palatine tonsils

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45
Q

What can large aggregates of B-cells form?

A

germinal centers similar to lymph nodes

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46
Q

If it has a germinal center in it, it must be a ___ focus.

A

B-cell

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47
Q

Blood eventually drains out of the spleen via the ___.

A

trabecular veins (and then into splenic vein)

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48
Q

What are the immune accessory cells?

A

antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, B-cells and T-cells)

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49
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue has a robust capsule and trabeculae with no cortex or medulla, but has red and white pulp?

A

spleen

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50
Q

Lymphoid tissue contains large numbers of ____.

A

lymphocytes (T and B cells)

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51
Q

What type of cells does the appendix contain primarily?

A

B-cells

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52
Q

Where do the medullary sinuses converge?

A

at the hilus

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53
Q

The cortex in the thymus is mostly __ cells, whereas the medulla is mainly __ cells.

A

T; B

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54
Q

Why does the spleen have a fibroelastic outer layer?

A

it is important in splenic contraction for some species where the spleen acts as a reservoir for red blood cells

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55
Q

Most lymphoid organ cortexes contain many __-cells; the thymus’s cortex contains many more __-cells.

A

B; T

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56
Q

Which lymph vessel drains lymph out of the node?

A

efferent

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57
Q

The ___ has lymphoid follicles (some with germinal centers) that are spread evenly throughout the parenchyma.

A

palatine tonsil

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58
Q

Are afferent or efferent lymphatic vessels present in the thymus?

A

only efferent for lymph drainage

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59
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • B- and T-cell replication
  • manufacture of antibodies and antigen removal
  • removes aged or defective particulate matter from circulation
  • recycles Fe from hemoglobin
  • hemopoiesis in fetuses
60
Q

If the spleen is removed, what is the function taken over by?

A

liver and bone marrow

61
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue has a cortex with primary and secondary follicles and a medulla with medullary cords and sinusoids?

A

lymph nodes

62
Q

How many afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels are located on each node?

A

afferent - many

efferent - 1

63
Q

What acts as the filtering mechanism in splenic circulation?

A

blind ending capillaries with surrounding macrophages

64
Q

MALT in the gut contains specialized ____ in microfolds that sample antigens and transfer them from gut lumen into lymphoid follicles.

A

M-cells (squamoid enterocytes)

65
Q

The ___ of a lymph node has densely packed, highly cellular lymphoid follicles (lymphatic nodules or 1’ follicles).

A

cortex

66
Q

____ are immune accessory cells (macrophages) that possess numerous phagocytic vesicles.

A

Tingible body cells

67
Q

Why does the thymus have a continuous epithelium on inner surface of capsule?

A

to isolate it from the rest of the immune system

68
Q

What are located within the spongy matrix of the spleen?

A

pulp cords and sinusoids

69
Q

When do the germinal centers of MALT form?

A

after they’re exposed to afterbirth - so about 6 months until they are fully active

70
Q

Will you see the same types of cells in lymph follicles and sinuses?

A

YES

71
Q

What lymphoid organ has characteristic large, thick bands of dense connective tissue trabeculae that extend into body?

A

spleen

72
Q

Which part of the lymph node has much more lymph?

A

sinuses

73
Q

What makes post-capillary venules unique and allow for diapedesis with reduced fluid loss?

A

thicker lining of cuboidal to columnar endothelium (vs. flatter cells in other vessels)

74
Q

Can you see MALT with the naked eye?

A

NO - but you can see Peyer’s patches

75
Q

___ are encapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue distributed throughout the body.

A

Lymph nodes

76
Q

Central artery of the white pulp branch into penicillar arteries and then into arterioles, to terminate into ___.

A

sheathed capillaries

77
Q

Where does blood enter the lymph node?

A

at and through the hilum

78
Q

Immature ___ migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus to mature.

A

T-cells

79
Q

If a follicle has a germinal center, it is a ____.

A

secondary follicle

80
Q

Do lymph nodes possess an outer, fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

YES

81
Q

When is MALT formed?

A

in fetal development

82
Q

What structure would be 100% indicative of thymus tissue?

A

Hassal’s corpuscles

83
Q

What are the two kinds of structures of lymphoid tissue?

A

dense and diffuse tissue

84
Q

What are interspersed throughout the lymph node cortex and medulla for structural support?

A

very thin, collagenous, trabeculae

85
Q

Malignant tumors of the immune system are referred to as ___ when solid organs are involved and ___ when blood it involved.

A

lymphomas; leukemias

86
Q

What are the epithelial cells within the thymus that provide nurse function and structural support?

A

Nurse cells

87
Q

The ___ is hemicapsulated, supported by a cup-shaped collagenous hemicapsule.

A

palatine tonsil

88
Q

What does the thymus lack that lymph nodes possess?

A

lacks lymphoid follicles, medullary cords, and medullary sinuses

89
Q

Germinal centers of the splenic white pulp contain ___.

A

B-cells with a central artery

90
Q

___ of Peyer’s patches are frequent and associated with foci of B-cells.

A

Germinal centers

91
Q

What makes up the bulk of the lymphatic medulla?

A

interconnecting lymphatic sinuses

92
Q

What forms a “ring” of immunological protection of the palatal, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Waldenyer’s ring

93
Q

____ are a network of blind-ended vessels in connective tissue.

A

Lymphatic vessels

94
Q

The lymph drains through the sinuses into the outer cortex. What are these sinuses called?

A

cortical sinuses, trabecular sinuses, or peritrabecular sinuses

95
Q

What is the purpose of clonal deletion by the thymus?

A
  • development of immunological self-tolerance

- failure to clonal delete may cause autoimmune disease

96
Q

What are the 4 functions of lymph nodes?

A
  • non-specific filtering of particulate matter and microorganisms from lymph
  • interaction of circulating lymphocytes with antigen
  • aggregation, activation, and proliferation of B-cells with subsequent antibody production
  • aggregation of proliferation of T-cells and induction of cytotoxic immunity
97
Q

What is the thymus embryologically derived from?

A

epithelial outgrowths of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch (hemopoietic organ during fetal development)

98
Q

What forms the connective tissue skeleton of lymphoid tissue?

A

stromal cells and extracellular products (and some epithelial tissue)

99
Q

What indicates that a node is responding to an antigen?

A

the presence of a paler and less dense germinal center in a secondary follicle

100
Q

____ are a specialized type of MALT scattered throughout the ileum (small intestine).

A

Peyer’s patches

101
Q

Are lymphatic sinuses open spaces?

A

NO - they are filled with reticular fibers and macrophage processes

102
Q

What are the 3 types of lymph cells we see?

A

lymphoid cells
immune accessory cells
stromal cells

103
Q

Where are lymphoid and immune accessory cells derived?

A

bone marrow

104
Q

The subcapsular sinus is the space where numerous ___ lymph vessels drain into it.

A

afferent

105
Q

What do these PALS foci lacks?

A

germinal centers due to minimal T-cell proliferation

106
Q

What does the blood-thymus barrier consist of?

A

epithelioreticular cells, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells around the basement membrane

107
Q

Is MALT dome?

A

NO

108
Q

What lymphoid organ is the largest in the body?

A

spleen

109
Q

What is the job of the thymus?

A
  • production of mature and immunocompetent T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells
  • clonal proliferation of Tc cells
  • clonal deletion of self-antibodies
  • secretion of hormones regulating T-cell development and maturation
110
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue is composed of mostly T-cells, contains Hassal’s corpuscles, and has both a medulla and cortex present?

A

thymus

111
Q

What are the white pulp areas considered?

A

follicular areas with germinal centers

112
Q

The ___ has a fibroelastic outer capsule that contains smooth muscle cells.

A

spleen

113
Q

__ of the spleen contain mostly blood, whereas the pulp cords contain ___.

A

Sinusoids; macrophages and lymphocytes

114
Q

Where would you find dense lymphoid tissue?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsil

115
Q

What prevents lymph from leaking out of the lymph node?

A

the endothelium on the side where lymph is entering is continuous to prevent leakage

116
Q

What is the pathway of lymphocytes through the lymph node?

A

afferent lymphatic&raquo_space; subcapsular sinus&raquo_space; cortex&raquo_space; cortical sinus&raquo_space; medulla&raquo_space; medullary sinus&raquo_space; efferent lymphatic

117
Q

What results in lymph node enlargement?

A

proliferation of lymphocytes (antigenic stimulation)

118
Q

What are the extensions of cortical tissue into the lymph node medulla called?

A

medullary cords

119
Q

In what vessel to T- and B-cells primarily exit at? Where are they located?

A

post-capillary venules; paracortical zone of corticomedullary junction

120
Q

Do Peyer’s patches contain M-cells?

A

YES

121
Q

Sinusoids are surrounded by an unusual type of endothelial cell called ___.

A

Stave cells

122
Q

Normally, the white pulp is primarily B-cells. However, there are areas of high T-cells. What is formed when a central artery is surrounded by T-cells?

A

periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

123
Q

In this class, we are using the ____ model of the spleen.

A

open circulation

124
Q

The discreet nodules of white pulp within the red pulp of the spleen contain large numbers of ___.

A

white blood cells

125
Q

What system of the body concentrates antibodies for elimination within lymph nodes?

A

lymphatic system

126
Q

What types of cells are in high numbers in the splenic white pulp mantle and marginal zones?

A

macrophages, plasma cells, helper T-cells

127
Q

What are medullary cords separated by?

A

broad medullary sinuses

128
Q

Do Peyer’s patches contain both B- and T-cells?

A

YES - large numbers of both

129
Q

What do splenic germinal centers possess that lymph node germinal centers do not?

A

a central artery

130
Q

White pulp can be mis-categorized as ___.

A

PALS

131
Q

Branches of the ___ enter the white pulp within trabeculae via trabecular artery, then branch and form central artery to white pulp.

A

splenic artery

132
Q

Where would you find diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

appendix and lymphoid-associated tissues (MALT: GALT, BALT, NALT)

133
Q

Where is the region of antigen presentation in the lymph node follicle?

A

mantle zone surrounding the germinal center

134
Q

___ lack endothelial lining and are surrounded by macrophage “cuff” in splenic circulation.

A

Blind ending capillaries

135
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches most common? Least common?

A

ileum; duodenum

136
Q

___ are enlarged germinal centers visible to the naked eye/

A

Splenic nodules

137
Q

What facilitates the diapedesis of white blood cells out of the bloodstream?

A

complementary adhesion molecules (present on both endothelial cells and lymphocytes)

138
Q

What happens to the thymus at puberty?

A

undergoes thymic involution (fatty infiltration and lymphatic depletion)

139
Q

Blind-ended tonsillar crypts are located on the surfaces of ___.

A

tonsils

140
Q

What are the pulp cords of the spleen supported by?

A

connective tissue skeleton of reticular cells and reticular fibers

141
Q

What type of lymphoid tissue has mature B and T cells that migrated there?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen tonsils, etc.)

142
Q

If a paler, less dense germinal center is present in the follicle of a lymph node, it is referred to as a ____.

A

secondary follicle

143
Q

Peyer’s patches project into the lumen of the gut in ____.

A

dome areas

144
Q

___ tonsils are present at the base of the tongue; ___ tonsils are in the nasopharynx.

A

Lingual; pharyngeal/adenoid

145
Q

On which side of the capsule of the lymph node is the endothelium discontinuous?

A

the side next to the parenchyma (facing the lymph node)

146
Q

Which system allows cells and large molecules in extracellular matrix to reenter the bloodstream?

A

lymphatic vessels

Histology (6 decks)

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