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Histology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

How can varicose veins be surgically treated?

A

lasers that cause the blood vessel to scar over with connective tissue fibrosis and the blood vessel shuts down

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2
Q

Do medium muscular veins contain laminae?

A

only internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

____ is the cell death and loss of function associated with a vessel occlusion from a clot in the brain.

A

Cerebral infarct

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4
Q

What can valvular incompetence lead to?

A

a murmur (blood leaking)

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5
Q

What is the gradual narrowing of an artery by plaque formation called?

A

stenosis

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6
Q

Elephantiasis is characterized by large amounts of fluid accumulation in the lower limbs. Why?

A

small worms hang out in the lymph and eventually block the vessels, which causes a huge amount of buildup in the affected body part

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7
Q

What are the sites of exchange between blood and tissues?

A

capillaries

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8
Q

What are metarterioles characterized by?

A

a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle in the tunica media

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9
Q

Where would you find discontinuous capillaries?

A

in the liver, spleen, bone marrow

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10
Q

When blood vessels dilate to form thin-walled, ballooned regions, they are called ___.

A

aneurisms

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11
Q

Which capillaries have a basal lamina that is not continuous, where the cells are separated by large gaps?

A

discontinuous

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12
Q

What does the tunica adventitia contain in larger vessels?

A

vasa vasorum

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13
Q

What regulates the distribution of blood to capillaries?

A

pre-capillary sphincters (intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles)

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14
Q

What are the specialized, discontinuous tight junctions between endothelial cells called?

A

fascia occludens

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15
Q

In general, the amount of smooth muscle ___ with an increased diameter of vessel and the relative amount of connective tissue ___.

A

increases; decreases

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16
Q

Which type of artery has more smooth muscle and less elastin in tunica media than elastic arteries?

A

muscular arteries

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17
Q

The highly variable middle layer is called the tunica ___.

A

media

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18
Q

How does the heart heal?

A

through fibrosis

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19
Q

What are the smallest arterioles?

A

metarterioles

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20
Q

What are capillaries supported by?

A

basal lamina and small number of pericytes

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21
Q

What is the primary function. of the circulatory system?

A

transport O2, CO2, nutrients, and metabolic wastes

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22
Q

By how much can coronary arteries decrease in diameter due to atherosclerosis?

A

90%

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23
Q

These vessels are small veins that lack elastic laminae and may lack tunica media.

A

venules

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24
Q

Which tunica layer is the outermost layer?

A

tunica adventitia

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25
Q

Lymph is formed as a result of ___ static pressures in arterioles.

A

high

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26
Q

This layer consists of loose fibroblastic tissue (fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers) and smooth muscle cells.

A

tunica adventitia

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27
Q

___ contain large amounts of elastic and smooth muscle and the vessel wall very thick relative to lumen diamter.

A

Arteries

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28
Q

Can vaso vasorum run with both arteries and veins?

A

YES; large vessels only

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29
Q

The contraction of ventricles is ___; the relaxation of ventricles is ___.

A

systole; diatole

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30
Q

Where are the sheets of elastic tissue located in elastic arteries?

A

tunica media (maintains blood pressure)

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31
Q

What material is exposed if the plaque enlarges or the endothelium becomes damaged?

A

collagen

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32
Q

Is the internal elastic lamina always present?

A

NO; if it is, it will be between the tunica intima and tunica media

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33
Q

What does the nervi vasculares do?

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation (controls the smooth muscle contraction in the vessel walls)

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34
Q

In smaller vessels, what takes over the support function?

A

connective tissue (versus smooth muscle in large vessels)

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35
Q

___ and ___ are terminally differentiated.

A

Neurons; cardiac muscle

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36
Q

What is the innermost tunic layer lining the lumen?

A

tunica intima

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37
Q

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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38
Q

What are the elastic arteries?

A

aorta
common carotid
subclavian
pulmonary

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39
Q

How is vasodilation and vasoconstriction accomplished if capillaries do not exhibit these capabilities?

A

smooth muscle of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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40
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscle in their walls?

A

NO - no tunica media (so no vasomotor activity)

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41
Q

What does the blood vascular system consist of?

A

heart and blood vessels

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42
Q

What happens when the inflammatory response to cholesterol becomes chronic?

A

atherosclerosis and plaque formation (phagocytosis can cause this phenomena)

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43
Q

AV shunts are common in skin and are a type of ___.

A

anastomosis

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44
Q

What substance adheres to the damaged, exposed proteins of the endothelial wall?

A

cholesterol (later reabsorbed)

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45
Q

What is the part of the circulatory system concerned with exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites, and waste products?

A

microcirculation

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46
Q

Where is the lymph returned back to the bloodstream?

A

at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein

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47
Q

Can the amount of subendothelial connective tissue vary?

A

YES; depends on size of the blood vessel

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48
Q

Vasodilation is ___ and occurs in the absence or inhibition of sympathetic stimulation.

A

passive (+ controversial)

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49
Q

What is a characteristic of matured atherosclerotic vessel walls?

A

proliferation of smooth muscle cells and formation of fibrous connective tissue capsule

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50
Q

What happens when the cells within the plaque start to die?

A

necrosis and “hardening” or calcification of the artery walls

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51
Q

What facilitates diapedesis both chemically and mechanically?

A

the intercellular spaces are enlarged by substances like serotonin, which then increases the permeability of the vessels

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52
Q

Where does microcirculation occur?

A

within capillaries (but also arterioles and venules)

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53
Q

What is atherosclerosis associated with clinically?

A

increased blood pressure (from decreased lumen diameter and increased systolic bp - Bernoulli)

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54
Q

If the vessel becomes occluded it is referred to as ___.

A

thrombosis

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55
Q

What type of endothelial cells is the tunica intima made of?

A

simple squamous endothelial cells (lines lumen)

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56
Q

On which layer do sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers act on the muscle to induce vasoconstriction?

A

tunica media

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57
Q

___ and ___ have thicker tunica adventitia as they are larger vessels than venules.

A

Collecting venules; muscular venules

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58
Q

Which sensory receptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch?

A

baroreceptors

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59
Q

What is a piece of thrombus called when it breaks off?

A

embolus (leads to thromboembolic disease)

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60
Q

What is the passive drainage system called that returns lymph (extravascular fluid) to blood vascular system?

A

lymph vascular system

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61
Q

What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?

A

atherosclerosis

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62
Q

Will smaller muscular arteries have an external elastic lamina?

A

NO

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63
Q

What controls the luminal diameter of muscular veins and venules (similar for arteries)?

A

the amount of smooth muscle in the tunica media

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64
Q

What maintains blood pressure?

A

the expansion and recoil of elastic arteries (forces blood into the conducting vessels)

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65
Q

The ____ is composed of smooth muscle cells (majority) and fibroblastic connective tissue.

A

tunica media

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66
Q

___ are important in neovascularization and wound healing.

A

Pericytes

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67
Q

___ and ___ are specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels.

A

Baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

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68
Q

What is the purpose of the vaso vasorum despite the fact that there is a large vessel right below it?

A

after a few layers, the blood supply is unable to reach the cells below it, so the vaso vasorum supplies these cells with oxygen

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69
Q

When the colloidal oncotic pressure is exceeded, the pressure of plasma proteins leads to ____.

A

the leakage of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from capillaries into extracellular space (to be picked up by lymphatic system)

70
Q

In response to low O2 tension, smooth muscle in walls of arterioles relaxes, which results in ____.

A

vasodilation

71
Q

The arterial system conducts blood ____ the heart.

A

away from

72
Q

Do elastic arteries possess both internal and external elastic laminae?

A

YES

73
Q

What is the cyclical pumping of the heart called?

A

pulsatile blood flow

74
Q

What is the most common acquired abnormality of blood vessels?

A

atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis

75
Q

What is indicative of venous valve failure?

A

varicose veins

76
Q

What principle is affiliated with the change in diameter of blood vessels and relative pressure?

A

Bernoulli’s Principle

77
Q

Are there elastic laminae in arterioles?

A

NO

78
Q

These small vessels are the major site of vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

A

arterioles

79
Q

What kind of barrier does the tunica intima form?

A

semi-permeable, supported by basement membrane

80
Q

How does transport across capillaries occur?

A

via fenestrae, transcytosis or diapedesis

81
Q

Foam cells contain large amounts of ____ in the cytoplasm.

A

cholesterol

82
Q

How do cancers metastasize?

A

by utilizing the blood circulatory system and lymphatics

83
Q

What vasoactive substances can act on venules?

A

histamine, serotonin

84
Q

Where do white blood cells exit circulation?

A

at post-capillary venules

85
Q

In the circulatory system, cholesterol has a similar function to ___.

A

platelets

86
Q

What do valves in veins prevent?

A

backflow (especially in limbs and thorax)

87
Q

What do larger lymph vessels possess that smaller lymph vessels do not?

A

contractile ability due to tunica media

88
Q

What is the associated pain called due to a decrease in O2 available to the heart?

A

angina

89
Q

Besides small blood vessels, what else is contained within the tunica adventitia?

A

nervi vasculares (autonomic nerves)

90
Q

Which capillaries have an endothelium with a continuous lining? Where are these found?

A

continuous (muscle, lungs, CNS)

91
Q

How is extracellular fluid drained?

A

by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules (lymphatics)

92
Q

What is the system of blind-ending, interconnected tubules?

A

lymphatic system

93
Q

The lymph vascular system lacks ____ and relies on muscle contraction and body movement to move lymph.

A

intrinsic pump (valves)

94
Q

What layers of tunica do capillaries lack?

A

tunica media and tunica adventitia

95
Q

What do the terminal branches of the arterial system supply?

A

capillary beds

96
Q

What is the pathway of systemic circulation?

A

left atrium + ventricle&raquo_space; aorta&raquo_space; rest of the body

97
Q

The internal elastic lamina is composed of ____ fibers.

A

elastic

98
Q

How does thrombus formation result from plaques?

A

when plaques damage the vessel wall, it triggers the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade which initiates thrombus formation

99
Q

___ detect blood pressure using sensory mechanisms (stretch sensors).

A

Baroreceptors

100
Q

What does the area of the infarct look like?

A

black and necrotic

101
Q

Large and medium-sized veins are called ____ veins.

A

muscular

102
Q

Which kind of artery is greater than 1 cm in diameter and receive blood directly from the heart?

A

elastic arteries

103
Q

In ____ venules, both the tunica media and tunica adventitia are reduced or absent.

A

post-capillary

104
Q

Why would you want a “leaky” capillary?

A

because in some tissues there are materials that need to be released or absorbed easily (hormones, large macromolecules)

105
Q

____ of blood vessels occurs due to action of sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers.

A

Vasocontriction

106
Q

Do lymph vessels contain valves?

A

YES - and potentially a basement membrane or pericytes

107
Q

What color are each of the stained squiggles in the tunica media histological slide?

A

yellow - smooth muscle
pink - collagen
dark - elastic fibers

108
Q

These arteries contain a distinct internal elastic lamina.

A

muscular arteries

109
Q

What is the secondary function of the circulatory system?

A

thermoregulation, transport of immune cells and hormones

110
Q

Which sensory receptors are located at the bifurcation of the carotid artery and in aortic bodies in the aortic arch?

A

Chemoreceptors

111
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

large diameter discontinuous capillaries

112
Q

How is the movement of lymph accomplished?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

113
Q

Are the spaces between cells in discontinuous capillaries fenestrae?

A

NO - these are different

114
Q

What are lymph endothelial cells highly activated in?

A

phagocytosis

115
Q

The sudden occlusion by an embolus is referred to as a ____.

A

sudden ischemic event

116
Q

What forms around a plaque in the bloodstream?

A

a capsule

117
Q

Lymph vessels are most similar to ___.

A

veins

118
Q

How big is a capillary?

A

barely bigger than a red blood cell

119
Q

If present, this layer is located between the tunica media and tunica adventitia.

A

external elastic lamina

120
Q

Which vessels contain pre-capillary sphincters?

A

arterioles

121
Q

An oncologist is deciding the best course of treatment for her patient with breast cancer. The decision between a unilateral or a bilateral mastectomy is based on ___.

A

the asymmetry of the thoracic lymph ducts and if the cancer has metastasized

122
Q

Is there a tunica media in lymph vessels?

A

yes - very thin

123
Q

The regulation of blood pressure accompanied by changes in the diameter of the blood vessels occurs via ___.

A

sympathetic control of smooth muscle in vessel walls

124
Q

Which capillaries have an endothelium that possess small pores within cells? Where are these found?

A

fenestrated (endocrine glands, GI tract)

125
Q

Through what kind of stimulation and innervation may vasodilation occur?

A

via indirect parasympathetic innervation (endothelial cells release NO which causes smooth muscle cells to relax)

126
Q

Where does fluid normally leave the circulatory system?

A

via capillaries

127
Q

What leads to the fluid retention and swelling after an immune response?

A

the diapedesis of white blood cells allowing leakage of fluid into the space

128
Q

What do fascia occludens allow?

A

diapedesis of white blood cells

129
Q

Most of the adventitia is ___.

A

collagen

130
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed (invertebrates)

131
Q

What colors do proteins stain on H&E?

A

pink

132
Q

How many layers of endothelial cells do capillaries have?

A

1

133
Q

Cardiac myocytes are unable to regenerate. How are they differentiated?

A

terminally differentiated

134
Q

Are the blood endothelial cells highly active in phagocytosis?

A

NO

135
Q

What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?

A

right atrium + ventricle&raquo_space; pulmonary arteries&raquo_space; lungs&raquo_space; pulmonary veins&raquo_space; left atrium

136
Q

The venous system conducts blood ___ the heart.

A

towards

137
Q

The inflammation of the AV valves leads to valvular incompetence which is called ___.

A

vegetative endocarditis (and thromboembolic disease)

138
Q

What is the majority of the layer of the wall of a venule?

A

tunica intima

139
Q

___ are direct connections between arterial and venous systems and bypass the capillary bed.

A

AV shunts

140
Q

Where can aneurisms commonly burst?

A

aorta, brain

141
Q

What cells are produced when the inflammatory response in the blood becomes chronic?

A

production of foam cells

142
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and adventitia in large arteries and veins

143
Q

What is valvular incompetence?

A

the thickening of AV valves associated with increases turbulence and regurgitation

144
Q

____ act like traps and contain lymphoid tissue for sampling and activate the immune cells to produce antibodies.

A

Lymph nodes

145
Q

The external elastic lamina is also composed of elastic fibers, but they are ___ organized compared to the internal elastic lamina.

A

LESS

146
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

it drains excess fluid (lymph) from the extracellular space and returns it to the bloodstream

147
Q

Do large muscular veins contain laminae?

A

BOTH internal and external laminae

148
Q

___ detect changes in O2, CO2 tension, and pH levels using sensory mechanisms.

A

Chemoreceptors

149
Q

Is thoracic drainage symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

150
Q

Lymph vessels have ___ permeability and ___ walls than veins.

A

greater; thinner

151
Q

In arteries, it is the thickest of the layers and may contain reticulin and elastic fibers, which are ___ collagen.

A

tunica media; Type III collagen

152
Q

Where to pericytes originate from?

A

the same precursor cells as endothelial cells

153
Q

Which is thicker in the venous system, the tunica media or tunica adventitia?

A

tunica adventitia

154
Q

What phase are cardiac myocytes “stuck in?”

A

Go phase

155
Q

____ contain relatively little smooth muscle (tunica media only a few cells thick).

A

Arterioles

156
Q

Where does the lymphatic system converge?

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

157
Q

Do invertebrates use their circulatory system for oxygenating tissues?

A

NO

158
Q

What is the function of the venous system?

A

functions as a low pressure collecting system for returning blood from capillaries to the heart

159
Q

What is the purpose of a shunt?

A

to bypass a capillary bed

160
Q

What is “death by ischemia?”

A

myocardial infarction

161
Q

Where is the preferential site for diapedesis of white blood cells?

A

post-capillary venules

162
Q

Why does immobility lead to edema (swelling)?

A

there is very limited skeletal muscle contraction to pump the lymph upwards in the body

163
Q

Why does lymph fluid stain light pink?

A

because lymph is a high protein fluid

164
Q

Can pericytes contract and differentiate?

A

YES - into endothelial or smooth muscle cells after injury

165
Q

The tunica ___ is the thickest layer in arteries; the tunica ___ is the thickest layer in veins.

A

media; adventitia

166
Q

Blood vessels of the circulatory system have a common basic structure of ___.

A

3 concentric layers called tunics

167
Q

What is a vein or artery that directly connects two capillary beds?

A

portal vessels (hepatic portal, venous portal)

168
Q

What is the characteristic “sine-wave” shaped dark layer located directly under the tunica intima?

A

internal elastic lamina

169
Q

Will all muscular arteries have an internal elastic lamina?

A

YES

170
Q

Why is fibrotic healing not as effective as the original matrix?

A

connective tissue has less contractile ability and function as cardiac muscle (so this results in a loss of function)

Histology (6 decks)

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