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skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is kyphosis

A

hunch back

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2
Q

what is scoliosis

A

the abnormal sideways curve of the spine

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3
Q

what is ossification

A

the process of bone growth

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4
Q

what is osteoblasts

A

form bone by secreting collagen

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5
Q

what is osteoclasts

A

the reabsorption of bone matrix

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6
Q

what is the process of ossification

A
  1. osteoblasts increase bone density
  2. micro damage to bone
  3. osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix
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7
Q

wat are the functions of the skeleton

A

-support and movement
-leverage
weight bearing
- protection
- source of blood cell production
- store of minerals

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8
Q

what is support and movement

A

the skeleton:

  • allows the body to maintain shape
  • allows you to stand straight due to the vertebral column
  • provides framework for muscle attachement
  • allows movement due to muscle attachement
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9
Q

what is leverage

A

the length of our bones determines our height and the amount of leverage the bones can exert. this will impact on our performance in a range of activities

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10
Q

what is weight bearing

A

in order to remain in a straight structure, the bones of the pelvis and leg are strong and thick so they can take the weight of the entire skeleton

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11
Q

what is protection

A

vital organs are protected from damage due to their position in relation to the bones of the skeleton, eg. cranium protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord

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12
Q

what is source of blood cell production

A

following blood cells develop in the bone marrow:
red blood cells- important as they carry oxygen to the muscles
white blood cells- important as they fight infection to keep the performer healthy.

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13
Q

what is store of minerals

A

the bone matrix stores:
-calcium, needed for muscle contraction and bone repair
-phosphorus, too little can cause muscle fatigue and joint pain.
bone marrow stores iron, needed for red blood cell formation

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of a long bone

A

longer than wide

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of a short bone

A

short and compact

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of a flat bone

A

broad, flat and normally thin bones

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of a sesamoid bone

A

held within tendons, covered in cartilage

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of an irregular bone

A

irregular shape

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19
Q

what is the function of a long bone

A
  • source of red blood cell production
  • enables large movements, allowing increased speed or a range in which an object can be moved
  • act as levers to generate more force on an object
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20
Q

what is the function of a short bone

A
  • increase stability and reduce unwanted movement
  • weight bearing and helps the body remain balanced
  • shock absorber
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21
Q

what is the function of a sesamoid bone

A
  • eases joint movement by adding more fluid

- resists friction so movement is not slowed down

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22
Q

what is the function of a flat bone

A
  • protects vital organs to reduce injury
  • enables muscle attachment to create movement
  • produces blood cells in adults
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23
Q

what is an example of a flat bone

A

pelvis, sternum and ribs

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24
Q

wat is an example of a short bone

A

carpal and tarsal

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25
what is an example of a long bone
femur, ulna and phalanges
26
what is an example of a sesamoid bone
patella
27
what is an example of an irregular bone
vertebrae
28
what are bone types
``` long short flat sesamoid irregular ```
29
what are the types of joints
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
30
what is a fibrous joint
joints that are fixed and allow no movement
31
what is an example of a fibrous joint
sacrum, coccyx and cranium
32
what is a cartilaginous joint
joints that are slightly moveable
33
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint
between the vertebrae
34
what is a synovial joint
freely moveable joints, the shape of the joint determines the range of movement
35
what are the 6 types of synovial joints
``` -condyloid saddle pivot hinge gliding ball and socket ```
36
what is a condyloid joint
joint allows movement in two planes | allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
37
what is a pivot joint
joint at the elbow and between first 2 vertebrae | allows twisting or rotation
38
what is a gliding joint
formed between bones of the wrist and foot | glide over each other to allow sliding or twisting
39
what is a saddle joint
formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the thumbs | allow flexion, abduction, adduction, extension and circumduction
40
what is a ball and socket joint
give greatest movement at the hip and shoulder | allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation
41
what is a hinge joint
allow flexion and extension at the knee, elbow and ankle
42
what is an example of a pivot joint
formed at the first and second vertebrae at the neck and allows someone to tilt their head
43
what is an example of a hinge joint
formed between the radius and ulna at the elbow to allow players to bend their arm
44
what is an example of a condyloid joint
formed at the carpals at the wrist o allow people to put their hand flat
45
what is an example of a ball and socket
formed between the femur and pelvis at the hip to allow movement of the hip
46
what is an example of a saddle joint
formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the thumb and wrist
47
what is an example of a gliding joint
formed between the tarsals and metatarsals of the foot to increase the flexibility of the foot
48
what are the components of a synovial joint
``` muscle bursa synovial fluid joint capsule tendon bone articular cartilage synovial membrane ligament ```
49
what is articular cartilage
a shiny, elastic material which is designed to reduce friction and absorb shock
50
what is a ligament
connects bone to bone, holding the bones in the correct position and stabilising the joint
51
what is a synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
52
what is the bursa
reduce mechanical friction in the joint. they act as a cushion between bone and another part of the joint eg tendons or muscles
53
what is a joint capsule
surrounds the synovial joint. attached to the outer layer of the bones forming the joint. seals the joint and provides stability to the joint
54
what is synovial fluid
lubricates ad reduces friction in the joint supplies nutrients to the joint removes waste products from the joint
55
what is a tendon
attaches the muscle to bone
56
what is flexion
reducing the angle of the boned forming the joint
57
what is extension
the angle between the bones at the joint increases and the arm is returned to anatomical position (normal position)
58
what is plantarflexion
when the toes are pointed towards the ground
59
what is dorsiflexion
the toes are pointed towards the lower leg
60
what is lateral movement
sideways movement
61
what is abduction
moving the arms and legs away from the midline of the body
62
what is adduction
bringing the arms and legs towards the midline of the body
63
what is horizontal adduction
horizontal movement towards the midline
64
what is horizontal abduction
horizontal movement away from the midline
65
what is horizontal flexion
the arms are moved towards the midline
66
what is horizontal extension
the arms are moved away from the midline
67
what is hyperextension
a contunation of the movement of the spine moving backwards
68
what is lateral flexion
movement away from the midline of the body so the body moves from ide to side eg the neck moving side to side
69
what is circumduction
the circular movement
70
what is rotation
circular movement that occurs at the hip
71
what are responses of exercise on the skeletal system
- stimulates increase in mineral uptake in the bone | - stimulates production of collagen due to increased stress on bones as a result of exercise
72
what are responses of exercise on the skeltal system within the joint
increased range of movement due to -reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid -increased pliability of the ligaments increased production of synovial fluid to ensure the articular cartilage doesnt dry out
73
what are the adaption of the skeletal system
- increased bone density and strength due to increased mineral content and bone cell activity so the bones are less likely to break or fracture - increased ligament strength reduce the risk of dislocation at a joint - increased thickness of articular cartilage protects the end of the bones from wear and tear
74
what is osteoarthritis
causes the articular cartilage to thin, which will cause pain and lack of mobility at the joint. this would make it difficult to continue exercise
75
what is rheumatoid arthritis
causes inflammation of the joints so they become painful and swollen, synovial membrane of the joint becomes inflamed due to the build up of fluid.
76
what is osteoporosis
reduction in bone density, it can be caused by lack of calcium and vitamin D

Sports Unit 1 (6 decks)

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