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muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the location of a cardiac muscle

A

only found in the walls of the heart

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2
Q

what is the function of the cardiac muscle

A

to circulate blood through and out of the heart

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • unconsciously controlled by the nervous system
  • myogenic (has a set rhythm of contraction)
  • doesnt fatigue
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4
Q

what is the location of a skeletal muscle

A

attached to the bones of the skeletal system

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5
Q

what is the function of a skeletal muscle

A

movement plus support and posture

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle

A
  • consciously controlled
  • contracts by impulse from the brain
  • muscle fibres work together in motor units
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7
Q

what is the location of smooth muscle

A

found in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive and circulatory system

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8
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

controls the bodys functions such as movement of food through the body, the passage of urine from the bladder and the movement of blood through the circulatory system

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A

unconsciously controlled by the nervous system

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10
Q

what are wrist extensors and wrist flexors responsible for

A

flexing and extending the wrist

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11
Q

what are pronators

A

turn the palm face down

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12
Q

what are supinators

A

turn the palm face upwards

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13
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

when one muscle is contracting and the other is relaxing

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14
Q

what is the contracting muscle called

A

the agonist (remember it as a good buy that has been famed so he’s forced to get annoyed ‘contract)

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15
Q

what is the relaxing muscle called

A

the antagonist (remember it as how scar fooled Simba, he was a ‘relaxed’ good guy)

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16
Q

how does a synergist cooperate with the agonist

A
  • support its action by neutralising any desired action at the join so that the forced generated by the agonist works to bring the desired action
  • assisting the agonist muscle to perform the desired type of movement.
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17
Q

what are fixators

A

muscles that stabilise a joint by eliminating unwanted movement.

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18
Q

what is concentric contraction

A
  • when a muscle contracts and shortens. (FLEXION)

- they cause movement at the joint because the force exerted by the muscle is greater than the resistance

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19
Q

what is eccentric contraction

A
  • when muscle contracts it can also lengthen under a load/tension.
  • this is when the muscle is working against gravity, trying to control a movement.
20
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A
  • there is little or no movement in the muscle or joint while the muscle is working.
  • the muscle doesnt shorten or lengthen
21
Q

what are the characteristics of a type 1 muscle fibre (slow twitch)

A
  • utilise the aerobic energy system due to dense capillary network and high levels of myoglobin
  • contracts slowly
  • exerts the least amount of force of the fibre types
  • have the highest resistance to fatigue, allowing the muscle to continue to contract for long periods of time
22
Q

what type of sporting activities are type 1 muscle fibres ideal for

A

endurance activities such as long-distance running (marathon)

23
Q

what is type 2a muscle fibre (fast-twitch)

A
  • they can develop type 1 characteristics through endurance training.
  • they are able to utilise both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems depending on the training the performer undertakes
  • they have a greater resistance to fatigue than type 2x fibres but less than type 1.
  • they produce medium force of contraction
24
Q

what sporting activities are type 2a muscle fibres ideal for

A

middle distance event (squash)

25
what are the characteristics of type 2x muscle fibres (fast-twitch)
- utilise the anaerobic energy system - produces a strong force of contraction - consists of larget motor neurones - the fibres tend to be larger and thicker than other fibre types
26
what sporting activities are type 2x muscle fibres idea for
power activities such as spiriting
27
what are the responses to the muscular system
- increased blood supply - increased muscle temperature - increased muscle pliability - lactate accumulation - microtears
28
what is meant by 'increased blood supply'
- there is an increased demand for oxygen to the transported to working muscles so they can produce enough energy - the lumen of the arterioles in the muscles vasodilates to allow increased passage of blood to the muscles - the arterioles in the digestive system vasoconstrict to reduce blood flow
29
what is meant by 'increased muscle temperature'
heat is given off through exercise as a by-product. this means that the more intense the level of exercise the, the more heat is produced
30
what is meant by 'increased muscle pliability'
as the temperature of the muscle increases the muscles become more pliable. this is done to reduce the chances of injury
31
what is meant by 'lactate accumulation'
lactate is a by-product of energy production, this means that if there is enough oxygen available lactate can be broken down as it is produced. however, as the intensity of the exercise increases the lactate builds up in the muscles as its been produced at a faster rate than being broken down due to insufficient oxygen
32
what is meant by 'microtears'
each muscle is made up of bundles of muscle fibre, each fibre is made up of bundles of myofibrils. the myofibrils can get tears which will need time to repair before exercising again. they are also the reason for DOMS (Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness)
33
what are the aerobic adaptations
- mitochondria - improved use of energy sources - increased myoglobin content
34
what is meant by 'mitochondria' in the adaptions
- found in the muscle cells and can generate energy with the use of oxygen - regular aerobic training will increase the size and number of mitochondria - this leads to even more energy being produced to sustain exercise for longer
35
what is meant by "improved use of energy stores" in the aerobic adaptations
greater amounts of energy can be released to the muscles for physical work due to increased: - activity of enzymes that break down food - use of glycogen - use of fat stores of glycogen -stores of triglycerides
36
what is meant by " increased myoglobin content" in the aerobic adaptations
myoglobin is like haemoglobin however, it is found in muscles rather than blood, this means that it will act as an oxygen store in the muscle. with more myoglobin, more oxygen can be transported to the mitochondria improving aerobic energy production
37
what are the anaerobic adaptations
- hypertrophy of fast twitch muscle fibres - increased tendon strength increased tolerance to lactate increased energy stores improved use of energy sources
38
what fibres will the anaerobic system adapt to
the adaptations are suited towards fast twitch muscle fibres (type 2a and 2x)
39
what is meant by "hypertrophy of fast twitch muscle fibres"
as the muscle become stressed during exercise, microtears are formed in the myofibrils. this will ca7use the muscle cells to multiply and to fuse with the existing myofibril to repair the damage
40
what is meant by "increased tendon strength"
the muscles become stronger and larger, the tendons attach the muscle to the bone and so they have to adapt to manage the increase forced of attraction of the larger muscles. this means an increase in collagen to add to the existing collagen fibres to make the tendon stronger
41
what is meant by "increased energy stores"
ATP and PC stores increase ATP stores small amounts of energy in the muscle, PC is broken down to rebuild the ATP, this increases the muscles ability to work quickly
42
what is meant by "improved use of energy sources"
the muscles are better at breaking down glycogen so they can exercise at a high intensity for longer.
43
how does age affect the muscles
muscles deteriorate with age | we lose a percentage of our strength as we age
44
how does implication for performance affect the muscle
a sedentary lifestyle increases the rate of muscle loss | if we live an active life effects of ageing will be reduced
45
what is the cause of cramps
- overuse of the muscle - dehydration - holding a position for a long time - mineral depletion

Sports Unit 1 (6 decks)

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