Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of bones
Support Protection House blood-producing cells Store inorganic salts Provide points of attachment
Compact bone
Tightly packed tissue
Spongy bone
Cancellous bone with thin layers of numerous branching bony plates
Long bone
Longer that the width, shaft with head at both ends contain mostly compact bone ex: femur humerus
Short bone
Cube shaped contains mostly spongy bone ex: carpals tarsals
Sesamoid bone
Short bone within a joint or tendon
Ex: patella (kneecap) hands and feet
Flat bone
Thin flattened and usually curved 2 thin layers of compact bone surrounded lll a layer of spongy bone ex: skull ribs sternum
Irregular bone
Irregular shape does not fit in other bone classification ex: vertebrae hip bone
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Canaliculi
Small channels that radiate out out to the lacuna
Lacuna
Tiny cavities that house mature cells
Central canal
Runs down the middle of the osteon
Perforating canal
Connects the central canal
Lamella
Concentric circles of the lacunae
Osteon
Complex of the central canal and matrix rings
What are the 2 main types of bone marrow
- Red marrow: RBC and WBC, platelets forming mostly in infants
- Yellow marrow: stores fat not active in blood cell formation found in adults
What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line
- Epiphyseal plate: growth plate, plate of the hyaline cartilage, found in young growing bones
- Epiphyseal line: remnant of the epiphyseal plate found in adult bones
What are 2 types of bone formation
- Intramembranous: develop from layers of connective tissue, that lie outside the developing bone giving rise to the periosteum
- Endochondral: first develops as hyaline cartilage then replaced by bone the periosteum develops outside
What are the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts: build bony matrix around themselves forming spongy bone in all directions within layers of connective tissue (rebuild bone)
- Osteoclasts: breakdown the calcified extracellular matrix (breakdown bone)
What is the function of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
- Parathyroid hormone: increases calcium
- Calcitonin: reduces calcium
What are the types of fractures
- Greenstick-incomplete break on convex surface of the bend in bone
- Compression- incomplete longitudinal break
- Spiral-excessive twisting of bone
- Comminuted-complete and fragmented
- Transverse-complete and break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
- Oblique- at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
- Compound-open fracture, penetrating through the skin
- Simple- closed fracture, does not penetrate skin
What are the 4 stages of healing
Hematoma
Fibrocartilage callus
Bony callus
Regeneration
What are the 6 different joints
- Synarthrotic: immovable
- Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable
- Diarthrotic: freely movable
- Fibrous joint: generally immovable
- Cartilageous joint: immovable or slightly movable
- Synoval joint: freely movable
What the the four features of all synovial joints
- Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the end of the bones
- A fibrous articular capsule enclosed joint surfaces
- A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
- Ligaments reinforces the joint
Structures found in synovial joints
- Bursae:flattened fibrous sacs
- Tendon Sheath:elongated bursae that wraps around the tendon
- Meniscus: pads of fibro cartilage acts as shock absorber
What are the 6 classifications of Synovial joints
Ball and Socket Condylar Gliding/ plane Pivot Hinge Saddle
What are the 2 types of Arthritis
- Osteo Arthritis- normal age process
* Rheumatoid Arthritis- Auto inmune decease attacks the joints often leads to deformities
Flexión
Decrease the angle of the joint brings 2 bones closer together typical of a hinge joint
Extensión
Increase angle between 2-3 bones
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis common in ball and socket
Abduction
Movement of limb away from midline
Adduction
Movement of limb towards midline
Circumduction
Combination of flexión extension abduction and adduction common in ball and socket joint
Dorsiflex
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
Plantar Flexión
Depressing the foot (pointing toes)
Inversión
Turn the sole of foot medially
Eversión
Turn the sole of foot laterally
Supination
Forearm rotates medially so Palm faces posteriorly
Opposition
Move thumb to touch tips of other fingers on some hand
