Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions of skeletal system
- internal framework
- protects internal organs
- produces white blood cells
- makes movement possible
- stores calcium
- form blood cells
Diaphysis
Hollow tube of hard compact bone
Medullary cavity
Hollow space inside the diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow
Epiphyses
Made of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
Articular cartilage
Thin layer that covers each epiphysis, provides a cushion
Periosteum
Strong, fibrous membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces
Endosteum
Thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Texture from needlelike threads of bone called trabeculae surrounded by network of open spaces. Contain red bone marrow
Concentric lamella
In compact bone. Structural unit that is an osteon-calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers or rings
Osteocytes
Bone cells which are found inside spaces called lacunae, which are connected by tiny tubes called canaliculi
Cartilage
Chondrocytes located in lacunae. Matrix is flexible gel like substance and lacks blood vessels
Osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes
Osteoclasts cells that remove bone. Osteoclasts cells that form bone
Endochondral ossification
Process of forming bones from cartilage models
Epiphyseal plate
Of cartilage during bone formation
Epiphyseal line
Appears when cartilage has disappeared and bone formation is complete
Fontanels
Soft spots in babies skulls
Axial skeleton
80 bones. Skull, spine and thorax
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones. Upper extremities including shoulder and lower extremities including hip
Spine or vertebral column
4 normal curves. Lordosis:swayback, kyphosis: hunchback, scoliosis: abnormal side to side curvature
Vertebrae divisions
Cervical 7 bones Thoracic 12 bones Lumbar 5 bones Sacrum 1 bone Coccyx 1 bone
Thorax
12 pairs of ribs. Sternum. Thoracic vertebrae. 1-7 true ribs. False ribs 8-10. 11-12 floating ribs
Appendicular skeleton
Bones in shoulder or pectoral girdle connect bones of upper extremity to axial skeleton. Bones in hip or pelvic girdle connect bones of lower extremity to axial skeleton
Upper extremity
Arm, forearm, wrist and hands. Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal and phalanges
Lower extremities and bones
Thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. Vocal, fémur, patella, tibia, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges
What bone does not connect to at least on other bone?
Hyoid
Kinda of joints and degree of movement
Synarthroses: no movement, sutures
Amphiarthroses: slight movement, pubic symphysis
Diarthroses: free movement
Synovial membrane
Lines joint capsule and secretes lubricating fluid
Types of movable joints
Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Saddle Gliding Condyloid
Ball and socket
Shoulder and hip.
Hinge
Elbow joint. Flexion and extension
Pivot joints
Rotation. In head and elbow
Saddle joint
Saddle shaped in thumb. Flex, extend, abduct and circumduct
Abduction
Increase angle of a joint to move a part away from the midline. Side and away from body
Adduction
Decreases angle of joint to move a part toward the midline. Down and in
Gliding joints
Articular processes between vertebrae
Condyloid joints
Atlantooccipital joint
Osteosarcoma
Most common and serious malignant bone neoplasm. Femur and proximal tibia and humerus
Chondrosarcoma
Cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage. 2nd most common
Osteoporosis
Bone losses minerals, calcified bone matrix and reduction in number of trabeculae in spongy bone
Rickets and osteomalacia
Loss of bone minerals. Vitamins D deficiency
Paget disease
Faulty remodelling results in deformed bones that fracture easily
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Bones brittle because of lack of organic matrix
Osteomyelitis
Bacterial infection of bone
Osteoarthritis
Noninflammatory disorder. Abnormal formation of new bone
Arthritis
Inflammatory disease
Systemic autoimmune disease
Chronic inflammation of synovial membrane with involvement of other tissues
Gouty arthritis
Synovial inflammation caused by gout, in which sodium irate crystals form in joints
Infectious arthritis
Resulting from infection by a pathogen
