Skeletal system Flashcards
what passes through foramen lacerum?
NOTHING
cribiform plate
=part of the ethmoid bone w/lots of small openings
-cranial nerve I accesses nasal cavity through these openings (olfactory foramina) to become sense of smell
what passes through optic canal?
what passes through foramen rotundum?
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
- cranial nerve II
- 1 branch of cranial nerve 5 maxillary
- mandibular branch of V maxillary
- middle meningeal artery
what passes through internal acoustic meatus?
jugular foramen?
hypoglossal canal?
foramen magnum?
- cranial nerves VII and VIII
- cranial nerves IX, X, and XI
- XII
- brain stem
weakest part of skull
temple: junction of sutures
called pterion
lordosis
kyphosis
- when cervical or lumbar curvature is increased (can happen naturally to lumbar during pregnancy
- when thoracic curvature is increased
soft spots of skull
=fontanelles
- lambda=post. fontanelle, becomes bony by 6mo
- bregma=ant fontanelle, becomes bony by 18mo
regions of vertebral column+distinguishing features of vertebrae
cervical C1-CVII -2 transverse foramina (blood supply to brain) -bifurcated spinous process thoracic T1-TXII -long, inferiorly directed spinous process -costal facets lumbar L1-LV -large body -thick and short spinous process sacral SI-SV-fused coccygeal
how does the head rotate?
- Atlas C1 has no body and lateral masses connected by ant and post arches
- CII axis has dens process-articulates w/anterior arch (atlanto-axial joint (synovial pivot))
- atlanto-occipital joint b/t altas and occipital condyles=synovial condyloid joints
true ribs
false ribs
free ribs
- I-VII
- VIII-XII-attach to rib above’s cartilage
- XI-XII-no attachment to sternum
weakest part of the rib
costal angle-where it changes direction
what’s the only long bone that’s horizontal in the body
clavicle
- lateral end=acromial head-flat
- medial end=sternal end-rounder
- lateral curvature convex post.
- medial curvature convex ant.
intertubercular groove of humerous
- bicipital groove-bicep passes through
- axillary nerve passes through
- surgical neck (weakest part) below
flexion and extension of formarm
during extension, the olecranon fossa on the post side of the humerus receives the olecranon (ulna)
during flexion, the coranoid fossa houses the radial bone
acetabulum
point of fusion for the 3 hip bones that articulates w/ the femur
fibula
does not articulate w/femur
distal 1/3 involved in ankle movements, upper 2/3 unimportant and often used for bone grafts
what tarsals articulate w/the tibia and fibula?
- talus
- calcaneus articulates w/talus and cuboid (ant)
- navicular articulates to ant. talus
- 3 cuneiforms ant to navicular-medial, intermediate, lateral
functional joint classification
- synarthrosis-very little if any movement (bones of skull)
- amphiarthrosis-semi-movable (ribs and sternum)
- diarthrosis-freely movable (at least 1/3 of an anatomical plane
structural joint classification
- solid joints-bones held together by CT
a. fibrous (suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis)
b. cartilaginous (syncondrosis-hyaline cartilage and symphysis-fibrocartilage) - synovial joints-space separating bones
a. monoaxial-hinge, pivot
b. biaxial-saddle
c. multiaxial-ball and socket, condyloid
d. nonaxial-bones can slide/glide against eachother but not possible to define movements on a plane
synovial joints
- articular (hyaline) cartilage covers surfaces-minimizes friction and acts as absorber
- bones held together by fiberous capsules, which sometimes thickens to form ligaments
- capsule is continuous w/periosteum
- synovial membrane produces fluid and to nourish and lubricate capsule
superior pelvic aperature/pelvic inlet
sacral promontory–>anterior border of sacral ala–>medial border of ilium–>sup border of pubic ramus–>pubic crest–>pubic symphysis
-false pelvis=area above inlet
inferior pelvic aperture/pelvic outlet
coccyx–>sacrotuberose ligament–>ischial pubic ramus–>pubic body–>pubic symphysis
-true pelvis b/t superior and inferior
vertebrae joints
3 points of articulation
1. b/t vertebral borders (intervertebral disk-symphysis joint)
has nucleus pulposis surrounded by annulus fibrosis
-herniated disk=when nucleus tears membrane and shock absorption ability decreases–>disk collapses and vertebrae pinch the nerve branches
2 and 3. b/t articular processes (zygapopphyseal joints-facet joints)
-supported by anterior longitudinal ligament and lagamentum flavum (connects laminae of adj. vertebrae), and interspinous and supraspinous ligament
what is the only synovial joint in the head?
TMJ temporal mandibular joint
- condylar synovial joint w/ an articular disk (CT) b/t condyle of mandible and mandibular fossa
- fibrocartilage
glenohumoral joint
- most mobile and least stable synovial ball and socket joint
- b/t head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
- ring around glenoid cavity=glenoid labrum
- coracoclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament
- bursa (serous membrane) surrounds synovial membrane and facillatates mm and tendon movements (deltoid bursa)
elbow joint
3 articulations-b/t trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna (synovial hinge), capitulum of humerus and head of radius (condyloid type), and proximal head of radius and radial notch of ulna
-ulnar collateral ligament stablizes trochlea and trochlear notch
radial collateral ligament supports humeroulnar joint (which is a hinge joint)
-annular ligament facillatates pivoting of radius for sup./pronation
wrist joint
distal radioulnar joint (pivot) and radiocarpal joint (condylar)
- articular disk present
- midcarpal joint: proximal and distal carpal bones-nonaxial
- intercarpal joints b/t carpals
- carpometacarpal joints b/t carpals and matacarpals
- radiocarpal ligaments, intercarpal, carpometacarpal, interosseous metacarpal, and radial/ulnar collateral ligaments support wrist
hip joint
=ball and socket
- supported by pubofemoral, iliofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments
- round ligament of head of femur connects to ligament w/in acetabulum
knee joint
- bi condylar joint b/t femoral condyles and tibial condyles (medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints)
- synovial planar joint b/t patellar surface of femur and post patella (patellofemoral joint)
- medial and lateral menisci lie b/t femoral condyles and tibial plates
- tibial and fibular collateral ligaments and anterior and posterior cruciate ligments for stability
labrums
=fibrocartilage rings attach to circumference of glenoid cavity and acetabulum to increase depth
costovertebral joints
sternocostal joints
- head of rib articulates w/vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebra and tubricle articulates w/costal facet on transverse process of corresponding thoracic vertebrae
- ant end of rib pairs 1-7 articulates w/sternum via costal cartilage
- all these are synovial planar joints except 1st sternocostal (which is syncondroses)
manubiosternal
xiphisternal joint
manubrium and body of sternum
body of sternum and xiphoid process
-symphysis joints
sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
- b/t medial end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
1. synovial saddle, has an articular disk - b/t lateral clavicle and acromion of scapula
1. synovial planar joint, supported by coracoclavicular ligament
radio-ulnar joints
- proximal-head of radius held against radial notch of ulna by annular ligament
- middle: fiberous syndesmosis-interosseous membrane-connects borders
- distal-b/t head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
tibiofibular joints
similar to upper limb
- proximal b/t head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia-synovial planar
- middle
- distal b/t fibular notch of tibia and distal end of fibula-fiberous syndesmosis
ankle joint
b/t distal tibia and fibula and body of talus-synovial hinge
-supported by medial and lateral ligaments
intertarsal joints
-small synovial planar joints b/t tarsal bones
neurocranium
viserocranium
cranium
neurocranium=skull bones-temporal and parietal (paired) and frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
viserocranium=facial bones-lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, and palatine (paired) and mandible and vomer (unpaired)
cranium=skull w/out mandible
what forms the hard palate?
maxilla and palatine bones
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
-frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
boundary b/t ant and middle=lesser sphenoid wings
-sphenoid and temporal bones (petrous and squamous parts)–includes hypophyseal fossa (of sella turcica) (pituitary)
boundary b/t middle and post=superior boarder of petrous part of temporal bone
-occipital and temporal (petrous part)
sternal angle
the manubrium and body of sternum form sternal angle, where the 2nd costal cartilage attaches
thoracic cage
formed by ribs, costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum
