respiratory

Question 1

subdivisions of respiratory

Answer 1

• anatomical: upper=nasal, sinuses, and pharynx and lower=larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• functional: conducting=nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi down to terminal bronchioles and respiratory=respiratory bronchioles and alveolar tissue

Question 2

what makes up the external nose

Answer 2

• nasal and maxillary bones

- hyline cartilages: alar forms nostrils, septal forms nasal septum

Question 3

what makes up the walls of the nasal cavities?

Answer 3

roof=ethmoid (CN1 through cribiform plate)
floor=maxilla and palatine bone
lateral walls=maxilla, palatine, and ethmoid bones

Question 4

how is the nasal cavity connected to pharynx?

Answer 4

through posterior nasal aperture (choanae)

Question 5

nasal vestibule

Answer 5

anterior part of nasal cavity, covered by skin and hair

Question 6

nasal conchae

Answer 6

superior, middle, and inferior (lateral wall of nasal cavities)
increase surface area of respiratory epithelium in preparation of air
nasal meatuses have openings to paranasal sinuses

Question 7

which nerve supplies general sensory fibers to nose?

which artery supplies blood?

Answer 7

C5 maxillary

maxillary artery

Question 8

paranasal sinuses

Answer 8

• air-filled, surround nasal cavities

- 4 major ones: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary

Question 9

function of paranasal sinuses

Answer 9

• help to reduce weight of skull (air instead of bone)
• involved in preparation of air-covered by respiratory epithelium
• contribute to voice resonation—>why your voice changes when you get a cold

Question 10

nasopharynx

Answer 10

behind nasal cavity (CN5 sense)
opening of pharyngotympanic tube-which balances ear pressure in the middle ear and pharynx
has pharyngeal tonsil

Question 11

which nerve sensitizes the pharynx?

Answer 11

• nasopharynx-CN5
• oropharynx-CN9
• laryngopharynx-CN10

Question 12

where does the pharynx end?

Answer 12

at the level of C6/beginning of esophagus

Question 13

how does the pharynx contract?

Answer 13

only CN10 controls muscles of pharynx

Question 14

how are cartilages in the larynx connected?

Answer 14

-cricothyroid ligament connects inferior thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilages
@ level of C6
-cricotracheal ligament connects cricoid and tracheal cartilages

Question 15

where does the vocal cord attach?

Answer 15

arytenoid cartilage

Question 16

vocal cords

Answer 16

two folds formed by ligaments

• vestibular (false) vocal cord, w/vestibule sitting above
• vocal (true) chord, w/infraglottic sitting below

Question 17

what is the gap b/t the true and false vocal chords?

Answer 17

ventricle

when it’s larger–>deeper voicej

Question 18

what is the gap b/t the two true vocal chords?

Answer 18

gap is open when we breathe and closes when we talk

Question 19

what is the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 19

gap above vocal chord

Question 20

where does the trachea end and bifurcate?

Answer 20

• ends at T4/T5

- @carina (v shaped cartilage)

Question 21

how are branches of bronchus named?

Answer 21

1st gen=primary/main L and R bronchus
2nd=lobar/secondary
3rd=tertiary/segmental
23-25 generations

Question 22

which bronchi are shorter?

Answer 22

right are wider and shorter than left

Question 23

what distiguishes bronchi from bronchioles?

Answer 23

when cartilage is completely gone and replaced by smooth muscle fibers

Question 24

inferior border of lung

Answer 24

sits at 6th rib anteriorly, 8th laterally, and 10th posteriorly

Question 25

medial surface of lung

Answer 25

• hilum (pulmonary artery, veins, and bronchi)
• oblique fissure
• horizontal fissure (R lung only)

Question 26

lateral surface of lung

Answer 26

cardiac notch (anterior border)

Question 27

lowest point of pleural cavity

Answer 27

10th rib laterally and 12th posteriorly

-called costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 28

what innervates the pleura?

Answer 28

• parietal innervated by somatic nervous system
• visceral innervated by autonomic fibers after they supply lung tissue
• different pain sensations: sharp pain that can be localized (late infection) from somatic and dull pain that can’t be from visceral (early infection)