Skeletal System

Question 1

How many types of bones are they

Answer 1

5

Question 2

Give examples of different bones

Answer 2

1 long bones (eg leg and arm bones) 2 Short bones (eg wrist and ankle bones) 3 Flat bones (eg bones of the skull) 4 irregular bones (eg spinal bones) 5 sesamoid bones (eg knee cap)

Question 3

How many functions of the skeleton

Answer 3

5

Question 4

List the function of the skeleton

Answer 4

1 enables movement for the body at the joints 2 affords attachment for muscles, ligaments and tendons 3 Gives the body its shape and posture 4 Provides protection for the vital organs 5 blood cells and platelets are also produced in the red bone marrow of some bones

Question 5

The skeletal system comprises of how many bones

Answer 5

206

Question 6

Bones what is Diaphysis

Answer 6

The shaft or long main portion of the bone.

Question 7

Bones what is Epiphyses

Answer 7

Epiphyses
The extremities or ends of the bones.

Question 8

Bones what is Epiphyseal cartilage

Answer 8

Epiphyseal cartilage
Junction in a growing bone between the shaft and the extremity where growth takes place.

Question 9

Bones what is Volkmann’s canals

Answer 9

Volkmann’s canals
Penetrative canal through the shaft of a bone. Entry point for blood vessels and nerves etc.

Question 10

Bones what is Haversian canals

Answer 10

Haversian canals
Microscopic canals that run longitudinally within the centre of mature compact bone, to accommodate blood vessels and nerves.

Question 11

Bones what is Osteocytes

Answer 11

Osteocytes
Bone development cells, divided into two main types; osteoclasts that shape bone and osteoblasts that make bone.

Question 12

Bones what is Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

Answer 12

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Space within the diaphysis containing fatty bone marrow.

Question 13

Bones what is Periosteum

Answer 13

Periosteum
A dense white fibrous covering around the surface of a bone. Important for the health and repair of the bone.

Question 14

Bones what is Chondrocytes

Answer 14

Chondrocytes
Cartilage producing cells.

Question 15

bones what are sutures

Answer 15

Sutures
An immovable fibrous joint between bones, eg the bones of the skull.

Question 16

two types of bone

Answer 16

Compact

This bone tissue appears to be solid but under a microscope you can see that small perforating canals (volkmann’s canals) penetrate the surface and join up with longitudinal canals running the length of the bone (haversian canals).

Both contain blood and lymph vessels and nerves.

Cancellous

To the naked eye this type of bone tissue looks to be spongy and under a microscope the haversian canals are much bigger than in compact tissue , giving it a honeycomb appearance.

Some of this honeycomb is filled with red bone marrow, the cells of which are responsible for producing blood cells.

Question 17

What is bone made up of?

Answer 17

20% water

30%-40% organic material

40%-50% inorganic material

Question 18

This transformation process bone is called

Answer 18

ossification.

Special types of cells are developed, which in later stages harden into a tissue called cartilage. This in turn hardens further to become bone. This transformation process is called ossification.

Question 19

Each tissue destined to become a bone has a centre of ossification containing bone-producing cells called ————-. These secrete a collagenous substance that forms strands to trap calcium salts and convert the tissue to bone

Answer 19

Each tissue destined to become a bone has a centre of ossification containing bone-producing cells called osteoblasts. These secrete a collagenous substance that forms strands to trap calcium salts and convert the tissue to bone

Question 20

Another type of bone cell, ————–, are responsible for giving a particular bone its characteristic shape

Answer 20

Another type of bone cell, osteoclasts, are responsible for giving a particular bone its characteristic shape

Question 21

Describe Flat Bones

Answer 21

Flat bones

These bones are made up of two layers of compact bone with a thin layer of cancellous tissue between. They offer protection and have a large surface area to afford attachment for muscles.

Flat bones are developed from certain membranes and examples are the bones of the skull and the pelvic bones.

Question 22

Discribe Irregular bones

Answer 22

Irregular bones

These types of bone are similar to short bones but are much more intricate in shape.

This type of bone is developed from cartilage tissue and examples are the spinal vertebrae and the facial bones.

Question 23

Discribe short bones

Answer 23

Short bones

Made up of smaller masses of cancellous tissue surrounded by a layer of compact bone. Short bones have no shaft to speak of.

This type of bone is developed from cartilage tissue and examples are the bones of the hands and feet.

Question 24

Discribe long bones

Answer 24

Long bones

Made up of an elongated shaft or diaphysis of compact bone, with two extremities (epiphyses) made mostly of cancellous tissue surrounded by compact bone.

This type of bone is developed from cartilage tissue and examples include the bones of the arms and legs.

Question 25

Discribe Sesamoid bones

Answer 25

Sesamoid bones

These are the smallest classification of bones and are developed within tendons. They are also called floating bones because they appear not to be attached to any firm structure.

The most obvious example is the knee cap

Question 26

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 26

What is the axial skeleton?

The axial portion of the skeleton is made up of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Together they form the central bone core of the body.

Question 27

how many areas does Axial skeleton

Answer 27

3

Question 28

The Vertebral

Answer 28

The vertebral column supports the skull and gives attachment to the ribs. It is formed from 33 irregular bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage, which not only allow movements of the column, but also act as shock absorbers and prevent friction between the vertebrae.

The vertebral column can be divided into five different groups of bones:

seven cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

five lumbar vertebrae

five sacral vertebrae (fused together to form the sacrum)

four coccygeal vertebrae (fused together to form the coccyx)

The first two cervical vertebrae are called the atlas (first) and axis (second) vertebrae. These two vertebrae form the pivot point for the skull.

The vertebral column has a central canal running through its length, in which the spinal cord is housed. Pairs of spinal nerves emanate from the cord at each corresponding vertebra, through holes called intervertebral foramina.

Question 29

The Skull is divided in to how many

Answer 29

Skull

The skull is divided into two sections

cranium

facial bones

Question 30

Cranium is made up of how many bones

Answer 30

Cranium

The cranium is made up of eight bones, all joined together by fibrous immovable joints called sutures.

The eight bones are:

1. two parietal bones
2. two temporal bones
3. one occipital bone
4. one frontal bone
5. one sphenoidal bone
6. one ethmoidal bone

When you are born the sutures are still soft cartilage tissue that hardens over time. So too are the soft areas at which more than three cranial bones meet, areas known as fontanels. There are several fontanels, but the major two are:

Posterior fontanel
Where the occipital bone and the two parietal bones meet

Anterior fontanel
Where the frontal bone and the two parietal bones meet

In new born babies the frontal bone is in fact two bones joined by a suture, but this joint usually disappears by the age of six.

Question 31

The cranium is made up of ——– bones, all joined together by ———- immovable joints called ———–.

Answer 31

The cranium is made up of eight bones, all joined together by fibrous immovable joints called sutures.

Question 32

Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breast bone) on the anterior aspect and the spine on the posterior aspect.

There are – pairs of ribs that encircle the thoracic cavity. All – are joined to the spine but only the superior —— pairs are directly attached to the sternum, these are called the true ribs.

The next three pairs are attached indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages and are called false ribs.

The remaining two pairs are called floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment at all.

The thoracic cage encases and protects vital thoracic organs (heart and lungs) and forms the mechanical wherewithal in the process of breathing and respiratory movement.

Answer 32

Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breast bone) on the anterior aspect and the spine on the posterior aspect.

There are 12 pairs of ribs that encircle the thoracic cavity. All 12 are joined to the spine but only the superior seven pairs are directly attached to the sternum, these are called the true ribs.

The next three pairs are attached indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages and are called false ribs.

The remaining two pairs are called floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment at all.

The thoracic cage encases and protects vital thoracic organs (heart and lungs) and forms the mechanical wherewithal in the process of breathing and respiratory movement.

Question 33

What is the appendicular skeleton how many parts

Answer 33

3

shoulder girdle

Pelvic girdle

lower limbs

Question 34

shoulder girdel

Answer 34

Shoulder girdle

The bones of the shoulder girdle are as follows:

1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Humerus
4. (All the three bones above join at the glenoidal cavity)
5. Radius
6. Ulna
7. The olecranon of the ulna forms the prominence of the elbow.
8. The carpal bones of the wrist are:
9. Scaphoid
10. Pisiform
11. Capitate
12. Lunate
13. Triguetral
14. Trapezium
15. Hamate
16. Trapezoid
17. There are five metacarpal bones numbered I-V and 14 phalanges. A fracture of the radius and ulna is called a colles fracture

Question 35

pelvic girdle

Answer 35

Pelvic girdle

The pelvic girdle and the sacrum make up the pelvis. The bones are:

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

A fracture of the pelvis is called a book fracture

Question 36

lower Limbs

Answer 36

Lower limbs

The bones of the lower limbs are as follows:

1. Femur
2. (largest bone in the body, articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum)
3. Patella
4. Tibia
5. (commonly called the shin bone)
6. Fibula
7. The names of the tarsals of the ankle are:
8. Talus
9. Cuboid
10. Navicular
11. Calcaneus
12. Cuneiform medial
13. Cuneiform intermedial
14. Cuneiform lateral
15. There are five metatarsals numbered I-V and 14 phalanges.
16. A fracture of the ankle is called a potts fracture.

Question 37

The term joint applies to

Answer 37

The term joint applies to a point where two or more bones meet or where movement occurs between bones. It is not however, a point where movement necessarily takes place

Question 38

There are how many main types of joint:

Answer 38

There are three main types of joint:

Question 39

There are three main types of joint:

Answer 39

Immovable joints (fibrous)
These joints have fibrous tissue joining them together and do not normally allow movement, eg the cranial bones.

Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous)
These joints have a pad of white fibrocartilage between the connecting bones. This allows for slight movement, eg the vertebral bones.

Freely movable joints (synovial)
This is the largest group of joints within the body. They can be further divided into five categories, but all five have several similarities.

There are certain structures associated with joints, either in holding them together, or in creating movement at the site of the joint.

Question 40

Discribe Immovable joints

Answer 40

Immovable joints (fibrous)
These joints have fibrous tissue joining them together and do not normally allow movement, eg the cranial bones.

Question 41

Describe Slightly movable joints

Answer 41

Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous)
These joints have a pad of white fibrocartilage between the connecting bones. This allows for slight movement, eg the vertebral bones.

Question 42

Describe Freely movable joints

Answer 42

Freely movable joints (synovial)
This is the largest group of joints within the body. They can be further divided into five categories, but all five have several similarities. Find out more in the Resource Centre.

There are certain structures associated with joints, either in holding them together, or in creating movement at the site of the joint

Question 43

A fracture is said to be what

Answer 43

A fracture is said to be a “break in the continuity of a bone”. All fractures, no matter where they are in the body will show similar symptoms

Question 44

how many types of fracture

name them

Answer 44

Types of fracture 6

Simple (closed)

This is a simple break in the bone, unconnected with any external wound.

Compound (open)

This is a break in the bone, which results in the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin forming an open wound. This type of fracture is more difficult to treat, not only because the fracture itself is more severe, but also because of the risk of infection through the open wound.

Comminuted

This type of fracture occurs when the bone breaks into more than two pieces or fragments. It can occasionally heal poorly when bone fragments take a long time to reunite properly.

Greenstick

This occurs when a bone is only fractured half way through and tends to bend as well as break, very like a fresh green twig. This type of fracture usually happens to young children whose bones have not yet hardened properly.

Impacted

This happens when one piece of broken bone gets forced into another.

Complicated

This type of fracture occurs when the fracture is combined with, or causes injury to an underlying structure. The underlying structure may be a major blood vessel, nerve or organ, for example severely fractured ribs may cause damage to the lungs or heart impairing their function.

Question 45

Describe Simple Fracture

Answer 45

Simple (closed)

This is a simple break in the bone, unconnected with any external wound

Question 46

Describe compound fracture

Answer 46

Compound (open)

This is a break in the bone, which results in the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin forming an open wound. This type of fracture is more difficult to treat, not only because the fracture itself is more severe, but also because of the risk of infection through the open wound.

Question 47

Describe comminuted fracture

Answer 47

Comminuted

This type of fracture occurs when the bone breaks into more than two pieces or fragments. It can occasionally heal poorly when bone fragments take a long time to reunite properly.

Question 48

Describe Greenstick fracture

Answer 48

Greenstick

This occurs when a bone is only fractured half way through and tends to bend as well as break, very like a fresh green twig. This type of fracture usually happens to young children whose bones have not yet hardened properly.

Question 49

Describe Impacted fracture

Answer 49

Impacted

This happens when one piece of broken bone gets forced into another.

Question 50

Describe complicated fracture

Answer 50

Complicated

This type of fracture occurs when the fracture is combined with, or causes injury to an underlying structure. The underlying structure may be a major blood vessel, nerve or organ, for example severely fractured ribs may cause damage to the lungs or heart impairing their function.

Question 51

There are how many main causes of fracture:

list

Answer 51

Causes of fractures

There are five main causes of fracture:

Transverse - direct trauma at the site of injury

Oblique - indirect violence, eg a fractured clavicle (collar bone) from putting out a hand to stop oneself falling. The force is transferred up the arm and the weakest point, the clavicle, is fractured

Spiral - violent rotation of a limb

Depressed - in the skull when the fractured bone is pressed inwards

Pathological - from disease or old age; takes the form of either brittle bones or unexplained fractures

Question 52

Describe Transverse fracture

Answer 52

Transverse - direct trauma at the site of injury

Question 53

Describe Oblique fracture

Answer 53

Oblique - indirect violence, eg a fractured clavicle (collar bone) from putting out a hand to stop oneself falling. The force is transferred up the arm and the weakest point, the clavicle, is fractured

Question 54

Describe spiral fracture

Answer 54

Spiral - violent rotation of a limb

Question 55

Describe depressed fracture

Answer 55

Depressed - in the skull when the fractured bone is pressed inwards

Question 56

describe pathological fracture

Answer 56

Pathological - from disease or old age; takes the form of either brittle bones or unexplained fractures

Question 57

Treatment of fractures

Answer 57

Reassurance

A cool calm approach is essential, especially when dealing with children. The patient will usually be supporting the fracture in the most comfortable position, but it is useful to explain that reducing the fracture would take some of the pain away. Always tell the patient exactly what you intend to do before you do it and never lie to the patient especially about how much it will hurt.

Immobilisation
When attempting to immobilise a fracture you should try to immobilise the joint above and below the fracture site too. This might not always be possible but the more widely the fracture is immobilised the less pain. Immobilisation also prevents the fracture becoming any worse and lessens the chances of the bone ends causing further damage to surrounding structures, or breaking through the skin. Poor handling may very well result in any of the above complications.

Analgesia
Administration of entonox gas or drug analgesia as per individual service policy may indicate usage, but it must be stressed that pain relief brought about by analgesia is not an excuse for rough or clumsy handling.

Pulses
It is imperative to check that a palpable pulse is recorded both proximal and distal to the site of the fracture before and after immobilisation and during the journey to hospital

Question 58

Dislocations

A dislocation can give all the signs and symptoms of a —- ? and may indeed be associated with a —– ?.

Answer 58

Dislocations

A dislocation can give all the signs and symptoms of a fracture and may indeed be associated with a fracture.

It is actually a displacement of the bones associated with a joint. For example a dislocated shoulder would entail the ball of the humerus slipping out of the glenoidal cavity of the scapula .

Treatment of dislocations is very similar to that of fractures, but no attempt should be made to reduce or straighten the injury and immobilisation will often have to be improvised to maintain the position of the injury.

Question 59

Sprains and strains

A sprain is an injury to a————-at the site of a joint and is most commonly caused by a wrenching of the joint, resulting in the ————– being torn from the surrounding tissues.

Answer 59

Sprains and strains

A sprain is an injury to a ligament at the site of a joint and is most commonly caused by a wrenching of the joint, resulting in the ligament being torn from the surrounding tissues.

A strain is an injury to a tendon or muscle and is caused by over-stretching or over-exertion resulting in the tendon or muscle being torn.

The basic treatment for sprains and strains is similar to that of fractures, but these injuries are associated with a great deal of swelling and if possible a cold compress should be applied to the injury site, along with plenty of padding applied firmly. The use of Entonox gas, for pain relief, may be indicated

Question 60

Synovial joints

All synovial joints have certain characteristics

Answer 60

Synovial joints

All synovial joints have certain characteristics:

Articular cartilage
A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the parts of the bones that actually come into contact with each other. This provides a smooth surface but is also strong enough to be weight bearing.
Capsular ligament
The joint is enveloped by a layer of fibrous tissue that holds the bones together, it is loose enough to allow movement, but is

strong enough to afford protection.

Synovial membrane

This is made up of epithelial cells that secrete synovial fluid. It acts as a lubricant, provides nourishment for the structures within the joint cavity and helps stability. It also prevents the ends of the jointed bones from separating. Synovial membranes can be found lining the capsular ligament and enveloping parts of the bone within the joint capsule not covered by hyaline cartilage.

Extracapsular structures
Most joints contain ligaments that blend with the capsule and provide extra stability.

Question 61

There are how many types of synovial joints

Answer 61

There are five types of synovial joints:

Ball and socket - allows free movement in all directions, eg hip and shoulder joints.

Hinge joint - allows for flexion and extension in one direction only, eg elbow and knee joints.

Double hinge - allows movement in two directions, eg mandible.

Gliding joint - movement is restricted to a gliding motion between connecting surfaces, eg joints of the wrist and ankle.

Pivot joints - allows for rotational movement, eg rotation of the radius and ulna bones.

Question 62

name different types synovial joints

Answer 62

There are five types of synovial joints

Ball and socket - allows free movement in all directions, eg hip and shoulder joints.

Hinge joint - allows for flexion and extension in one direction only, eg elbow and knee joints.

Double hinge - allows movement in two directions, eg mandible.

Gliding joint - movement is restricted to a gliding motion between connecting surfaces, eg joints of the wrist and ankle.

Pivot joints - allows for rotational movement, eg rotation of the radius and ulna bones.

Question 63

Describe Articular cartilage

Answer 63

All synovial joints have certain characteristics:

Articular cartilage
A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the parts of the bones that actually come into contact with each other. This provides a smooth surface but is also strong enough to be weight bearing.

Question 64

Describe Capsular ligament

Answer 64

Capsular ligament
The joint is enveloped by a layer of fibrous tissue that holds the bones together, it is loose enough to allow movement, but is strong enough to afford protection.

Question 65

Describe Synovial membrane

Answer 65

Synovial membrane
This is made up of epithelial cells that secrete synovial fluid. It acts as a lubricant, provides nourishment for the structures within the joint cavity and helps stability. It also prevents the ends of the jointed bones from separating. Synovial membranes can be found lining the capsular ligament and enveloping parts of the bone within the joint capsule not covered by hyaline cartilage.

Question 66

Describe Extracapsular structures

Answer 66

Extracapsular structures
Most joints contain ligaments that blend with the capsule and provide extra stability.

Question 67

Describe the main structures associated with the construction and movement of a joint

Answer 67

Joint structures

Skeletal muscles
There are three types of muscle within the body, cardiac, visceral and skeletal. Skeletal is the only form of muscle that produces movement at a given joint.

Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately half of total body weight and is either striated or striped in construction. Anatomically these cells lie in parallel bands of tissue, which due to the presence of proteins called myofilaments appear as alternating light and dark strips.

The control of skeletal muscle is brought about by close integration of the muscular and skeletal systems and the nervous system. It is energised by nervous impulses being sent via the spinal cord to the peripheral nerve fibres. Put simply, muscles contract in response to nerve stimulus, to create movement.

Ligament
This is a tough band of fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another at the site of a joint. Most ligaments connect just two bones and they form at any point where the joint has a tendency to pull apart.

The size of the force trying to pull the joint apart will dictate the size and strength of the ligament. A major example would be the ligamentum flavum of the back bone. This is the term used for the numerous bands of fibrous tissue, which attach each vertebra to the next and help to keep the body upright.

Tendons
These are cords of fibrous tissue by which muscle is attached to bone, or other structures. Unlike ligaments, tendons are virtually inextensible and are made up of parallel lengths of collagen fibres, separated by thin layers of fibrous and fatty tissue in which small blood vessels and nerves run. Their function is to transmit movement from muscle to bone, especially when the direction of pull is variable as at the site of a joint.

The largest and strongest tendon is the Achilles, which is sited at the posterior of the calf and joins the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the heel of the foot.

Question 68

how many structures associated with joint structures

Answer 68

Joint structures

Skeletal muscles

Ligament

Tendons

.