Respiratory system

Question 1

Main purpose of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Supply itself with oxygenRemove waste products

Question 2

4 main functions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

To Extract oxygen from atmosphere

To excrete water vapour and carbon dioxide

To maintain the normal acid base balance of the blood

To ventilate the lungs

Question 3

Inspired Air The components are

Answer 3

Oxygen=20%Nitrogen=79%Inert gases=1%Carbon dioxide=0.04%Water vapour = variable

Question 4

Expired AirThe components are of expired air

Answer 4

Oxygen 16%Nitrogen 79%Inert gases 1%Carbon dioxide 4%Water vapour to saturation

Question 5

Function of the nose 5

Answer 5

To warm the airTo filter the airTo moisten the airTo assist in resonating soundOrgan of the sense of smell

Question 6

Function of the larynx

Answer 6

To provide a passageway for air from the pharynx to the trachea

To continue to moisten

,To warmTo filter the air

To produce sounds

To protect the airway during the act of swallowing food

Question 7

Structure of the pharynx

Answer 7

Pharynx is funnel shaped tube 13cm long composed of skeletal muscleCan be divided into three sectionsNaso-pharynxOro-PharynxLaryngo-Pharynx

Question 8

Function of the Pharynx

Answer 8

Respiratory functionDigestive functionAssist with the sense of tasteTonsils assist in the fight against infection

Question 9

what is this

Answer 9

Larynx

Question 10

Pic lungs label

Answer 10

1 epiglottis

2 thyroid cartilage

3 cricoid cartilage

4 trachea

5 left lung ( superior lobe/apex)

6 bronchiole

7 left primary bronchus

8 secondary bronchus

9 right primary bronchus

10 tertiary bronchus

11/17 mediastinum

12 parietal pleura

13pleural cavity

14 visceral pleura

15 left lung (inferior lobe)

16 diaphragm

18 mediastinal surface

19 cardiac notch

20 diaphragmatic surface

21 right lung (superior lobe )

22 right lung (middle lobe )

23 right lung inferior lobe

Question 11

Structure of the trachea

Answer 11

16-20 c-shaped incomplete rings of cartilageApproximately 12cm long

Question 12

Functions of the trachea

Answer 12

Maintain airway normal and forced respirationAllowed distension of oesophagus during the act of swallowingTo remove dust by the secretions of the goblet Reflex centre for coughing at the bifurcation of the trachea carina

Question 13

Bronchi what are they

Answer 13

The two bronchi are formed the trachea divides at the carina

Question 14

The right bronchus is

Answer 14

The right bronchus is wider and shorter than the left after entering the right lung it divides into three branches on to each lobe

Question 15

The left bronchus is

Answer 15

The left bronchus is longer and narrower than the right 5cm after it enters the lung divides into two branches one to each lobe

Question 16

Smaller air passages 4

Answer 16

Terminal bronchiolesRespiratory bronchiolesAlveolarAlveoli

Question 17

Structure of the lungs

Answer 17

Right side three lobesLeft side two lobes

Question 18

The pleura is

Answer 18

The pleura is a serous membrane that surrounds each lung Has two layers

Question 19

Chemical control of respiration Normal drive is driven

Answer 19

In normal healthy people the basic drive to breathe is high levels of C02Basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by parts of the CNS

Question 20

Hypoxic Drive

Answer 20

Patients with copd the C02 chemoreceptors become worn out, The stimulus for this type of patient becomes low concentrations of O2 and is termed the hypoxic drive

Question 21

Mechanism of external respiration

Answer 21

Inspiratory phase 2sec active stageExpiratory phase 3 Sec passive stageRespiratory pause phase 0.25

Question 22

Factors that can decrease breathing rates

Answer 22

Head injuryCvaDrugs heroin opiates methadone barbiturates

Question 23

what is this

Answer 23

pharynx

Question 24

what is this

Answer 24

trachea

Question 25

what is this

Answer 25

larynx

Question 26

Oxygen is taken to the lungs and exchanged at which point in the lungs

Answer 26

Alveoli

Question 27

All cells of the body requires what? And what is a by product of this

Answer 27

oxygen by product CO2 and other waste

Question 28

Triangular shaped depression in each lung is called what?

Answer 28

Hilum

Question 29

Triangular shaped depression in each lung is called Hilum major structures that enter here and leave here 4/3

Answer 29

Enter Main bronchi Pulmonary artery Bronchial artery Branches of the vagus nerve Leave Four pulmonary veins The bronchial veins Lymphatic vessels

Question 30

Normal breathing only what will contract

Answer 30

Diaphragm

Question 31

When taking slight exercise what muscles will be activated

Answer 31

Intercostal

Question 32

In deep breath or heavy exercise or obstruction airway what muscle are used and called what

Answer 32

Neck and shoulder muscles accessory muscles

Question 33

Respiratory centre is located where and called what

Answer 33

Brain Medulla oblongate

Question 34

The medulla oblongata can be stimulated by how many things

Answer 34

3

Question 35

The medulla oblongata can be stimulated by 3 things what are they

Answer 35

Nervous control normal breathing Chemical control. Chemical imbalance co2 acid base pH Higher centres Talking singing swallowing or coughing

Question 36

Normal acid base for blood is

Answer 36

pH 7.4 slightly alkaline

Question 37

To much carbon dioxide causes what

Answer 37

Acid level to rise

Question 38

The chemoreceptors are found where

Answer 38

In walls major vessels aorta,carotid bodies the medulla oblongata

Question 39

Nerve impulses sent from respiratory centre via what nerve ? Causing them to do what

Answer 39

Phrenic Contract faster and more forcefully

Question 40

Breathing rates Healthy infants Healthy child. Healthy adult.

Answer 40

Breathing rates Healthy infants 32-40 resps per min Healthy child. 24-28 resps per min Healthy adult. 16-20 resps per min

Question 41

Pulmonary volumes Alveoli volume Dead air Tidal

Answer 41

Picture

Question 42

Lung capacity Inspiratory reserve forced inhalation Tidal Expiratory forced expiration Residual air

Answer 42

Picture

Question 43

The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide is termed what

Answer 43

Gas exchange

Question 44

Common respiratory problems

Answer 44

Pulmonary embolism Pneumothorax and Tension pneumothorax Pneumonia Hypoxia Emphysema Bronchitis Asthma

Question 45

A pulmonary embolism refers to a blood clot or some other foreign substance having become trapped in a pulmonary arterial vessel signs and symptoms

Answer 45

Pulmonary embolism Signs and symptoms include: Sudden dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Sharp chest pain Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate) Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) Low blood pressure Distension of the neck veins Syncope (fainting)

Question 46

what are most pulmonary embolism are caused by what and also be caused by what else

Answer 46

Most pulmonary emboli are caused by deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs but it can also be a result of post operative trauma, heart disease, obesity, pregnancy or oral contraception

Question 47

Pneumothorax, or air in the pleural cavity , is usually caused by one of two ways:

Answer 47

The lung tissue becomes damaged or ruptured allowing air to enter the pleural cavity The chest is injured externally causing a sucking wound, drawing air into the pleural cavity.

Question 48

Pneumothorax can occasionally happen spontaneously, most frequently seen in tall thin young males. The net result however will be a collapsed lung and a much-reduced oxygen intake for the patient. As with all wounds to the body, you will usually see blood name signs and symptoms

Answer 48

Air in the pleural cavity will cause the underlying lung to become compressed and normal expansion becomes very difficult. . Blood that enters the pleural cavity is termed haemothorax and will have the same consequences for the patient as a pneumothorax. Signs and symptoms include: Extreme chest pain (sometimes sudden) Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Coughing (sometimes blood stained) Possible external injury Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate)

Question 49

Pneumonia is brought about by an acute infection and inflammation of the alveoli. The alveoli gradually fill up with fluid and dead white blood cells, in the form of pus and oedema . This build up of fluid increases the distance through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse (move) across the alveoli membrane. This increases the time needed for diffusion so that oxygen levels within the blood drop, resulting in hypoxia and consequently a fall in the level of consciousness of the patient. Carbon dioxide diffuses slightly easier than oxygen so blood levels of carbon dioxide stay fairly normal. Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death by infection in the UK and is caused by many different organisms .list signs and symptoms

Answer 49

Pneumonia Signs and symptoms are: Weakness Productive cough Fever Chest pain on coughing Some respiratory distress Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)

Question 50

Hypoxia Stimulation for the respiratory centre comes from the chemoreceptors in the major vessels and the medulla oblongata. Under normal circumstances these receptors measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood or the pH acid base. Too high an acid level and the receptors will stimulate the respiratory centre to respond. In chronic conditions like bronchitis, these chemoreceptors cease to function properly due to the abnormally high amount of carbon dioxide or acid that is present. Under these conditions the chemoreceptors change roles and measure the decreasing oxygen content of the blood instead. The decreasing level of oxygen then becomes the stimulus for the respiratory centre - this condition is referred to as hypoxic drive. In this situation giving a patient oxygen by face mask may increase the level of oxygen in the blood, which will actually reduce their hypoxic drive for respiration. This reduces the stimulus for the patient to breathe, making their condition worse

Answer 50

Hypoxia Stimulation for the respiratory centre comes from the chemoreceptors in the major vessels and the medulla oblongata. Under normal circumstances these receptors measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood or the pH acid base. Too high an acid level and the receptors will stimulate the respiratory centre to respond. In chronic conditions like bronchitis, these chemoreceptors cease to function properly due to the abnormally high amount of carbon dioxide or acid that is present. Under these conditions the chemoreceptors change roles and measure the decreasing oxygen content of the blood instead. The decreasing level of oxygen then becomes the stimulus for the respiratory centre - this condition is referred to as hypoxic drive. In this situation giving a patient oxygen by face mask may increase the level of oxygen in the blood, which will actually reduce their hypoxic drive for respiration. This reduces the stimulus for the patient to breathe, making their condition worse

Question 51

Tension pneumothorax Tension pneumothorax is a continuous increase in pressure in the pleural cavity . This is brought about by an injury causing a one-way valve effect. Air is drawn into the pleural cavity with every inspiration but is prevented from escaping on exhalation by a flap of tissue at the injury site. This is a very serious condition and can quickly become fatal. The underlying lung is compressed and pushed sideways into the mediastinum containing the heart and major vessels. Continued pressure will, in a short space of time, constrict the blood flow to the heart. Signs and symptoms are:

Answer 51

Severe dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Restlessness Anxiety Weak pulse Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate) Low blood pressure Cyanosis (blue appearance of the skin) Lowered level of consciousness

Question 52

Emphysema Normal lung tissue is elastic and compliant. Emphysema reduces this compliance and thickens the alveoli walls. Several alveoli may join together to form one large air sac - reducing the total surface area through which the exchange of gases can take place. The loss of the elasticity of the lung tissue causes them to become permanently inflated producing a "barrel chest" effect. Expiration is usually a passive action but emphysemic patients have to force exhalation causing extreme distress. The patient will normally look pink because although normal amounts of oxygen are entering the body, the exhalation of carbon dioxide is a problem. The major cause of emphysema is smoking. Evidence suggests that this causes an imbalance between the enzymes and proteins that normally protect the alveoli tissues. Signs and symptoms:

Answer 52

Varying degrees of dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Coughing Wheezing Barrel chest Anxious facial expression Pursing of the lips on expiration Weight loss Usually pink in colour Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)

Question 53

Bronchitis Bronchitis is caused by an irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tree. Thick greenish-yellow sputum is created which signifies the presence of an infection. Smoking is still the most common cause but other factors like a family history of respiratory disease and air pollution can also contribute. Signs and symptoms include:

Answer 53

Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate) Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Productive cough green yellow thick Cyanosis (blue appearance of the skin)

Question 54

Asthma Bronchial asthma is described as "a reversible obstruction of the airway due to spasm of the smooth muscle of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles". The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract can also become irritated causing the production of thick mucous that plugs the smaller air passages and makes the attack worse. The patient will have great difficulty exhaling and will have an anxious appearance. Bronchial asthma can be psychosomatic (mental or emotional causes, like stress) but normally there are two varieties: Extrinsic asthma Usually occurs in young children or young adults and is caused by allergies to edible or airborne substances. Intrinsic asthma Caused in later life, usually over the age of 45, by infections or emotions. Signs and symptoms include:

Answer 54

Severe dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) Wheezing Coughing Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down) Using accessory muscles of respiration Chest movement appears to be on inspiratory phase - but patient experiences most difficulty when exhaling, hence the wheeze

Question 55

two types of asthma

Answer 55

***_Extrinsic asthma_*** Usually occurs in young children or young adults and is caused by allergies to edible or airborne substances. ***_Intrinsic asthma_*** Caused in later life, usually over the age of 45, by infections or emotions.

Question 56

external and internal respiration label where does external respiration take place

Answer 56

external

Question 57

Respiratory tract The respiratory tract is made up of ten main parts that follow one after the other in a line leading from the nose (or nasal cavity) to the pleura membrane in the lungs 1 nose larynx lungs bronchi trachea alveoi hilum pharynx bronchioles 10 pleura

Answer 57

Question 58

what happens on expiration

Answer 58

Question 59

what happens on inspiration

Answer 59