Questions Flashcards
1
Q
There are five different groups of tissues True or false
A
True
2
Q
Glands with ducts secrete hormones True false
A
False
3
Q
There are three types of muscle tissue True or false
A
True
4
Q
The word distal means what ——– point of origin
A
Further from
5
Q
Which is the odd one out Right hypochondria Umbilical Left lumbar Right clavicle
A
Right clavicle
6
Q
Several organs joined by tracts and vessels are called systems True or false
A
True
7
Q
Odd one out Nucleus Plasma membrane Epithelial membrane Protoplasm
A
Epithelial
8
Q
Glands without ducts secrete
A
Hormones
9
Q
The skin has five layers True false
A
False
10
Q
The skeletal system has 206 bones True or false
A
True
11
Q
The respiratory systems helps regulate acid base True false
A
True
12
Q
Lateral means towards the midline of the body True false
A
False
13
Q
The abdominal cavity houses lungs True false
A
False
14
Q
The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the
A
Diaphragm
15
Q
Physiology refers to
A
The way in which an organ functions
16
Q
What might you describe as hereditary factors Pick one Organs Genes Membrane Plasma
A
Genes
17
Q
The nucleus carries the hereditary factors of the cell called genes True or false
A
True
18
Q
The larynx is also shared by the digestive tract True or false
A
False
19
Q
The trachea is lined with ciliates mucous membrane True false
A
True
20
Q
The left lung has three lobes True false
A
False
21
Q
Bronchioles terminate in the alveoli True or false
A
False
22
Q
The trachea has 16-20 c shaped rings True false
A
True
23
Q
Pulmonary embolism is what
A
Blood clot in the lung
24
Q
Pneumothorax is what in where
A
Air in the pleural cavity
25
In hypoxic drive the chemoreceptors register what
Decreasing oxygen levels
26
Breathing rate for adult
16-20
27
Breathing rate for infant
32-40
28
Atmosphere contains how much oxygen and carbon dioxide
0.04% carbon dioxide 20% oxygen
29
The pleura is a serous membrane Yes or no
Yes
30
The epiglottis is leaf shaped flap of cartilage Yes or no
Yes
31
Internal respiration takes place in the lungs Yes or no
No
32
Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion Yes or no
Yes
33
Tidal volume in the average adult is 600mls Yes or no
No
34
During expiration what happens to diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Relax
35
Asthma is described as spasm of the bronchial
Smooth muscle
36
Bronchitic sputum is best described 3 things
Greenish Thick Yellow
37
Vital lung capacity is the sum of 3 things what are they
Expiratory reserve Inspiratory reserve Tidal volume
38
The respiratory system is not responsible for which of the following Expelling carbon dioxide Protect from infection Acid base balance Taking oxygen in to the body
Protection from infection
39
external respiration takes place where
lungs
40
Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body.
Yes/ No
yes
41
Bipolar neurones are usually sensory in function.
Yes/ No
yes
42
Multipolar neurones are usually afferent.
Yes/ No
No
43
Neurotransmitters are responsible for passing on impulses from one neurone to another.
Yes /No
yes
44
The cerebrum is divided into three hemispheres.
Yes/ No
no
45
Which is the odd one out?
Petit mal
Status epilepticus
Gene mal
Grand mal
gene mai
46
Which of these statements are correct? (tick three)
CSF...
1. maintains uniform pressure around nerve tissue
2. supplies nerve tissue with nutrients
3. protects nerve tissue against trauma
4. acts as a neurotransmitter
1. maintains uniform pressure around nerve tissue
2. supplies nerve tissue with nutrients
3. protects nerve tissue against trauma
47
Which of these statements are true about neuroglia? (tick three)
They are...
1. formed from Schwann cells
2. responsible for myelin sheath production
3. responsible for protecting nerve cells
4. responsible for shaping nerve cells
1. ***_formed from Schwann cells_***
2. ***_responsible for myelin sheath production_***
3. ***_responsible for protecting nerve cells_***
4. responsible for shaping nerve cells ***_Not correct_***
48
The hypothalamus is NOT responsible for which of the following?
1. ***_control of voluntary skeletal muscle_***
2. ***_rage and aggression_***
3. ***_regulation of body temperature_***
4. ***_regulation of hunger_***
control of voluntary skeletal muscle
49
Which three of these substances "go together"?
1. acetylcholine
2. noradrenaline
3. serotonin
4. ventolin
1. ***_acetylcholine_***
2. ***_noradrenaline_***
3. ***_serotonin_***
50
A cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes.
True False
true
51
There are 72 pairs of spinal nerves.
True / False
false
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 Sacral
1 coccyx
52
The diencephalon consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
True / False
true
53
CSF is produced in the choroid plexus.
True False
true
54
The parasympathetic system is responsible for creating the conditions associated with sleep.
True / False
true
55
csf fills what space
subarachnoid
56
The midbrain does what?
A) Acts as a relay station between different parts of the brain.
B) Contains the respiratory rhythmicity centre.
C) Regulates bodily water intake and thirst.
D) Registers the sense of smell, taste and hearing.
A B C D
A
57
The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by the .
VERMIS
58
Multipolar neurones are found mainly within...
1. the brain and spinal cord
2. the ganglia of cranial nerves
3. the olfactory region
4. the retina of the eye
the brain and spinal cord
59
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following
1. ***_cells_***
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Systems
Plasma (cell) membrane is an extremely thin membrane that surrounds the cell components.
The Nucleus is the largest structure within the cell and carries the hereditary factors of the cell - the genes.
Cytoplasm/protoplasm is the fluid that makes up the bulk of the cell. It contains proteins and carbohydrates and is responsible for the metabolism of the cell
60
List the contents of the abdominal cavity
Pancreas
Liver
Bile ducts
kidneys, adrenal glands
stomach
small & large intestines
ureters
gall blader
spleen
lymph nodes
major blood and lymph vessels
61
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
1. cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. ***_Systems_***
Organs of similar function joined together by tracts an vessels eg respiratory circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, muscular
62
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
1. cells
2. Tissues
3. ***_Organs_***
4. Systems
Two or more types of tissue joined together recognisable shape specific function
63
Short Essays
describe the anatomy & physiology of the following underlined
1. cells
2. ***_Tissues_***
3. Organs
4. Systems
5 tissues what they do
64
briefly describe the following underlined
***_The nervous system_***
The Cardiovascular system
The respiratory system
transmission of messages coordination of activities specialised tissue brain, spinal cord periperal nerves
65
briefly describe the following underlined
1. The nervous system
2. ***_The Cardiovascular system_***
3. The respiratory system
heart, blood, vessels, linked to respiratory and digestive system, carriage of respiratory gases, nutrients, glands secretions, distribution of heat, protection from infection, wound protection
66
briefly describe the following underlined
The nervous system
The Cardiovascular system
***_The respiratory system_***
oxygen into body, carbon dioxide out the of the body linked to cvs maintains acid base balance of th blood
67
short Essays
briefly describe the Larynx
The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx and goes on to become the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.
It houses the vocal cords and protects them by means of a cartilage on the anterior surface known as the Adam's apple or the thyroid cartilage.
A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage (the epiglottis) protects the opening of the larynx, by forming a seal over the superior aspect of the larynx during the act of swallowing - to prevent food from entering the airway.
68
short Essay on internal and external respiration
***_external respiration_***
gas exchange diffusion in alveoli
pressure higher to lower
c02 into alveoli 02 into system
***_internal respiration_***
takes place in tissues
02 into tissues c02 out
blood return via venous system
69
describe the respiratory centre and how its stimulated
responsible for Rate, Depth, and volume of respiration
location medulla oblongata
stimulated by
nervous -normal breathing pattern
higher centres- talking swallowing coughing
chemical - chemoreceptors, acid base balance, found medulla oblongata, walls og major vessels aorta carotid bodies
7.4ph
to much C02 acid level rise, resps rise cause increased o2 intake
70
Describe Asthma
Asthma
Bronchial asthma is described as "a reversible obstruction of the airway due to spasm of the smooth muscle of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles". The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract can also become irritated causing the production of thick mucous that plugs the smaller air passages and makes the attack worse.
The patient will have great difficulty exhaling and will have an anxious appearance.
Bronchial asthma can be psychosomatic (mental or emotional causes, like stress) but normally there are two varieties:
Extrinsic asthma
Usually occurs in young children or young adults and is caused by allergies to edible or airborne substances.
Intrinsic asthma
Caused in later life, usually over the age of 45, by infections or emotions.
Signs and symptoms include:
Severe dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Wheezing
Coughing
Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)
Using accessory muscles of respiration
Chest movement appears to be on inspiratory phase - but patient experiences most difficulty when exhaling, hence the wheeze
71
Describe bronchitis
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is caused by an irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tree. Thick greenish-yellow sputum is created which signifies the presence of an infection.
Smoking is still the most common cause but other factors like a family history of respiratory disease and air pollution can also contribute.
Signs and symptoms include:
Tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate)
Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Productive cough
Cyanosis (blue appearance of the skin
72
Describe Emphysema
Normal lung tissue is elastic and compliant. Emphysema reduces this compliance and thickens the alveoli walls. Several alveoli may join together to form one large air sac - reducing the total surface area through which the exchange of gases can take place. The loss of the elasticity of the lung tissue causes them to become permanently inflated producing a "barrel chest" effect.
Expiration is usually a passive action but emphysemic patients have to force exhalation causing extreme distress. The patient will normally look pink because although normal amounts of oxygen are entering the body, the exhalation of carbon dioxide is a problem.
The major cause of emphysema is smoking. Evidence suggests that this causes an imbalance between the enzymes and proteins that normally protect the alveoli tissues.
Signs and symptoms:
Varying degrees of dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
Coughing
Wheezing
Barrel chest
Anxious facial expression
Pursing of the lips on expiration
Weight loss
Usually pink in colour
Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down
73
Short Essay
Describe neuroglia or glial cells and functions
Neuroglia has two specific properties:
Irritability ability to generate impulses as a result of stimuli from inside or outside the body
Conductivity ability to transport the impulses from one part of the body to another
74
describe meninges
*three layers that covered brain spinal cord*
***_Dura mater_***
This is the tough fibrous outermost layer.
It lines the bones of the cranium and the canal formed by the vertebrae. It also lines the space between the two cerebral hemispheres. A fold of dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
The main veins inside the cranium lie in the dura mater
***_Arachnoid mater_***
This is a delicate membrane separated from the dura mater by the subdural space in which there is a thin film of serous fluid.
It encloses the subarachnoid space, which is criss-crossed by a fine network of connective tissue and which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the larger blood vessels of the brain.
***_Pia mater_***
This is a very delicate inner membrane that closely covers the brain and spinal cord and supports a network of fine blood vessels, including those of the choroid plexuses that roof the ventricles.
The pia mater follows every convolution of the surface of the nervous tissue and sheaths the roots of the cranial and spinal nerves
75
Describe mental illness
Absolutely anyone can suffer from mental illness at any time, and approximately 25% of us will experience some kind of mental illness. This can range from mild anxiety to a state of being when a person loses the capacity to think in a rational manner.
76
what is Neuroses?
Neuroses
Eg anxiety, depression, obsessions and phobias.
People who suffer from neuroses usually know that they have the problem and continue to live relatively normal lives.
77
what is Psychoses?
Psychoses
Eg schizophrenia and manic depression.
Patients who suffer from psychotic disorders often have their lives totally disrupted by their illness.
It is not unusual for the patient to lose complete contact with reality, resulting in abnormal behaviour that can be extremely distressing for the patient's relatives.
The patient will often experience both audible and visual hallucinations and appear to be living in a world of their own.
78
There are lots of different types of treatment available, ranging from
There are lots of different types of treatment available, ranging from ***_drug therapy of varying strength and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), to psychotherapy counselling or behavioural modification therapy_***.
79
The skeletal system comprises 206 different bones.
True\ False
True
80
Periosteum is a dense white fibrous covering around the surface of the bone.
True / False
True
81
The transformation of embryonic tissues into bone is called ossification.
True / False
True
82
Bone is 30-40% water.
True/ False
False
83
Red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells.
True /False
true
84
Three of these bones belong in a group together - which three?
Humerus
Radius
Tibia
Ulna
_***Herusum**
**Radius***_
Tibia
***_Ulna_***
85
Which bone is the odd one out?
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Sphenoidal
Zygoma
Lacrimal
Maxilla
***_Sphenoidal_***
Zygoma
86
When describing the correct number of spinal vertebrae, which of the following is correct when considered from the superior aspect
***_7 12 5 5 4_***
7 12 5 6 4
7 12 6 4 4
7 12 6 5 3
87
how many vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum.
5
88
The femur is classified as a flat bone.
Yes / No
no
89
The cranium is made up of nine bones.
Yes/ No
no
90
The vertebral column is made up of 32 irregular bones.
Yes No
no
91
There are fourteen facial bones.
Yes No
yes
92
The humerus joins the scapula at the glenoidal cavity.
Yes No
yes
93
how many true ribs
7
94
how many false ribs
3
95
how many floating ribs
2
96
When referring to fractures, which three form a group together
Comminuted
Compound
Difficult
Simple
_***Comminuted
Compound***_
Difficult
***_Simple_***
97
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see in a closed fracture? (tick three)
Crepitus
Lengthening
Pain
Swelling
***_Crepitus_***
Lengthening
_***Pain
Swelling***_
98
If a fracture has been caused through trauma, which of the following is the odd one out?
Oblique
Pathological
Spiral
Transverse
Oblique
***_Pathological_***
Spiral
Transverse
99
is NOT a synovial joint.
slightly moveable is NOT a synovial joint.
100
Think about tarsals of the ankle. Which is the odd one out
Cuneiform inferior
Cuneiform intermedial
Cuneiform lateral
Cuneiform medial
***_Cuneiform inferior_***
Cuneiform intermedial
Cuneiform lateral
Cuneiform medial
101
Three of these statements are FALSE.
1. ***_Plasma is 45% of total blood volume._***
2. ***_Plasma is constructed of 90% water and 10% dissolved substances._***
3. ***_Haem is an iron containing pigment._***
4. ***_Erythrocytes number approximately 9000 per cubic millimetre of blood._***
5. ***_Thrombocytes fight infection._***
1, 4, 5
102
Which is the odd one out?
Aorta
Cartoid artery
Femoral artery
Pulmonary artery
Which is the odd one out?
Aorta
Cartoid artery
Femoral artery
***_Pulmonary artery_***
103
Which of these are functions of blood? (tick 3)
1. Carries carbon dioxide to tissues
2. Carries nutrients to tissues
3. Carries oxygen to tissues
4. Protects from infection
Which of these are functions of blood? (tick 3)
1. ***_Carries carbon dioxide to tissues_***
2. Carries nutrients to tissues
3. Carries oxygen to tissues
4. Protects from infection
104
Angina pectoris is caused by
atheroscelerosis
105
Which of these sypmtoms is NOT a sign of left ventricular failure?
1. Distended neck vains
2. Full bounding pulse
3. Sweating
4. Tachycardia
Which of these sypmtoms is NOT a sign of left ventricular failure?
1. Distended neck vains
2. ***_Full bounding pulse_***
3. Sweating
4. Tachycardia
106
Tunica media is the elastic muscular layer of a blood vessel.
True/ False
true
107
Pulmonary circulation removes blood from the liver.
True / False
false
108
The mitral valve lies between the right ventricle and the right atria.
True / False
false
109
Stroke volume in the average adult is 95mls.
True False
false
110
Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate.
True / False
## Footnote
False
111
When a coronary artery becomes completely blocked,one of the following conditions occurs. Which one?
1. angina pectoris
2. congestive heart failure
3. left ventricular failure
4. myocardial infarction
myocardial infarction
112
An incised wound results from ripping or snagging of the tissues by metal or similar.
Is that correct?
1. Yes
2. No that would be an abrasion
3. No that would be a lacerated wound
No that would be a lacerated wound
113
Can you fill in the missing cardiac condition?
1. Angina pectoris
2. Cardiac arrest
3. Congestive heart failure
4. Myocardial infarct
------- is most likely to result in oedema of the lower extremities.
Can you fill in the missing cardiac condition?
Congestive heart failure is most likely to result in oedema of the lower extremities.
114
What is the main artery supplying blood to the liver?
1. Cartoid artery
2. Gastric artery
3. Hepatic artery
4. Renal artery
What is the main artery supplying blood to the liver?
1. Cartoid artery
2. Gastric artery
3. ***_Hepatic artery_***
4. Renal artery
115
The heart muscle is know as
myocardium
116
describe blood flow through heart
Functions of the heart
The right and left sides of the heart act as two totally separate pumps, but their action is always simultaneous.
The right side of the heart is responsible for dealing with deoxygenated blood. Deoxygenated blood returning from the circulation enters the right atrium via two major veins :
Superior vena cava
Drains blood from the head, neck and upper limbs
Inferior vena cava
Drains blood from the trunk, abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs
When the atria contract, this deoxygenated blood is pushed through a one-way valve (the tricuspid valve) in the atrioventricular septum and into the right ventricle . The ventricle contracts and pumps the blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, which divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries soon after leaving the heart. The blood returns to the heart from the lungs reoxygenated, via four pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium. This is known as the pulmonary circulation.
The reoxygenated blood is then passed through another one-way valve (the bicuspid or mitral valve) in the atrioventricular septum into the left ventricle.
That ventricle contracts causing the blood to leave the left ventricle via the aorta. This is the main artery of the body, which leads to all other vessels of the circulation, feeding all tissues and organs with oxygenated blood.
Once the tissues and organs have used the oxygen within the blood, the deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart via the venous system
117
short essay types of wounds
***_Incised_***
This is usually a clean cut made by a sharp edge, eg a knife blade or broken glass
***_Lacerated_***
Normally results from ripping or snagging of the tissues by jagged metal or the like.
***_Abrasion (graze)_***
This is merely a superficial wound in which the upper layers of the skin are scraped off, leaving a tender raw area behind
***_Contusion (bruise)_***
A contusion is caused by the rupture of the underlying blood vessels by a blow from a blunt source, eg a kick or punch.
***_Puncture_***
This type of wound is caused by a pointed object. The wound usually has a small entry site, but the major damage is caused to the organs or tissues much deeper in the body along the penetration track
***_Gunshot_***
This type of wound is caused by a bullet, shot or shrapnel. The wound associated with the entry site can be relatively small, but the exit wound, if there is one, may be large and ragged depending on the calibre and velocity of the projectile
118
Give a brief description of the following
angina
MI
LVF
Angina usually occurs in middle to late life and can be brought on by any number of factors. The most being:
1. ***_Exertion_***
2. ***_Anxiety_***
3. ***_Stress_***
4. ***_Lack of exercise_***
5. ***_Hypertension (high blood pressure)_***
6. ***_High cholesterol_***
7. ***_Over-eating_***
8. ***_Family history_***
The major signs and symptoms of LVF are:
1. ***_Difficulty in breathing_***
2. ***_Noisy wheezy breathing_***
3. ***_Tachycardia_***
4. ***_Distended neck veins_***
5. ***_Blood stained sputum_***
6. ***_Lowered level of consciousness_***
7. ***_Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)_***
8. ***_Sweating_***
Signs and symptoms MI are
1. ***_Gripping chest pain_***
2. ***_Shortness of breath_***
3. ***_Radiating pain down arms (usually left arm)_***
4. ***_Pins and needles in hands and fingers_***
5. ***_Nausea_***
6. ***_Weakness_***
7. ***_Sweating_***
8. ***_Orthopnoea (difficulty breathing while lying down)_***
9. ***_Feeling unwell_***
10. ***_Yellowish - pale grey complexion_***
119
briefly describe compostion of blood and its functions
Blood as a whole carries out several major functions to sustain life:
1. Carries oxygen to the tissues
2. Carries carbon dioxide from the tissues
3. Carries waste products from the tissues to the excretory glands
4. Carries nutrients from digestion
5. Carries enzymes and hormones from the glands
6. Distributes heat generated by the muscles
7. Provides protection from infection
8. Provides immunity from infection
9. Seals wounds by clotting
***_Plasma 55% fluid_***
Plasma is a straw coloured transparent fluid made up of approximately 90% water and 10% dissolved substances like proteins, mineral salts, and nutrients like fats and carbohydrates
***_Soild 45% made up of three_***
***_Red blood cells_*** (erythrocytes)
5.5 million per cubic millimetre of blood .
They contain a protein called haemoglobin, made up of two substances, globin and haem. .
Haemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen, .
Red blood cells have a life span of approximately 120 days, after which they are destroyed by the spleen or liver
***_White blood cells (leukocytes)_***
- approximately 9,000 per cubic millimetre of blood.
White cells as a whole have two major functions:
To fight infection
To provide the body with immunity
***_Platelets (thrombocytes)_***
Platelets are small colourless bodies that react with enzymes, proteins and mineral salts when an injury occurs to form a blood clot, thus preventing the escape of too much blood.
This process can be faulty in some illnesses such as haemophilia
120
Arginine is an essential amino acid.
## Footnote
True False
Arginine is an essential amino acid.
## Footnote
true
121
Calcium and iron are essential minerals.
## Footnote
True False
true
122
Vitamin B12 is a fat-soluable vitamin.
True False
Vitamin B12 is a fat-soluable vitamin.
## Footnote
False
123
Vitamin A is derived from liver, eggs, fish and dairy produce.
True False
true
124
Vitamin B3 is derived from meat, liver, and flour.
True False
Vitamin B3 is derived from meat, liver, and flour.
## Footnote
True
125
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see with hyperglycaemia? (tick 3)
1. Dry flushed skin
2. Fever and thirst
3. Fruity breath smell
4. Rapid sudden onset
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see with hyperglycaemia? (tick 3)
1. ***_Dry flushed skin_***
2. ***_Fever and thirst_***
3. ***_Fruity breath smell_***
4. Rapid sudden onset
126
Which is the odd one out?
1. Peritoneal ligaments
2. The mesentery
3. The omenta
4. The ovary
Which is the odd one out?
1. Peritoneal ligaments
2. The mesentery
3. The omenta
4. ***_The ovary_***
127
which one supplies the large intestines
hepatic
mesenteric
pulmonary
renal arteries
mesenteric arteries supply the large intestines
128
Which of the following is NOT a corrosive acid?
* *Carbolic**
* *Oxalic**
* *Quick lime**
**Sulphuric**
Which of the following is NOT a corrosive acid?
Carbolic
Oxalic
***_Quick lime_***
Sulphuric
129
. The control centre that regulates food intake lies within the hypothalamus.
Yes No
. The control centre that regulates food intake lies within the hypothalamus.
## Footnote
No
130
Difficulty in swallowing is called dysplegia.
## Footnote
Yes No
Difficulty in swallowing is called dysplegia.
## Footnote
Yes
131
The stomach lies within the left lumbar region.
Yes No
yes
132
The large intestine is approximately 1.5m long.
Yes No
YES
133
Hyperglycaemia means low volume of blood sugar.
Yes No
Hyperglycaemia means low volume of blood sugar.
## Footnote
No
134
Barbiturate medicines are nervous system
1. coordinators
2. depressants
3. enhancers
4. stimulants.
Barbiturate medicines are nervous system
coordinators
depressants
enhancers
stimulants.
135
Paracetamol is also known as what?
A) Acetaminophen
B) Acetacholine
C) Acetylsalicylic acid
D) Amphetamine
A
136
Poisons classified as
1. ***_amphetamines_***
2. ***_barbituates_***
3. ***_narcotics_***
4. ***_solvents_***
will stimulate the nervous system.
amphetamines
137
Which of the following processes are digestive process? (tick five)
* *Absorption**
* *Defecation**
* *Digestion**
* *Ingestion**
* *Mastication**
**Movement**
Which of the following processes are digestive process? (tick five)
1. Absorption
2. Defecation
3. Digestion
4. Ingestion
5. ***_Mastication_***
6. Movement
138
Vitamin C can be found in which of the following foods?
Cereals
Fresh fruit
Liver
Milk
Vitamin C can be found in which of the following foods?
Cereals
***_Fresh fruit_***
Liver
Milk
139
Which of the following processes is the odd one out?
Absorption
Ingestion
Inhalation
Radiation
Which of the following processes is the odd one out?
Absorption
Ingestion
Inhalation
***_Radiation_***
140
describe diabetes mellitus
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that affects approximately 200 million people world-wide. It happens when the body is unable to metabolise carbohydrate, resulting in a raised blood sugar level.
***_Hypoglycaemia_***
This is low blood sugar.
The onset of hypoglycaemia is usually quite sudden and may be as a result of too much insulin in the blood, or not enough food intake supplying carbohydrate. Alcohol prevents the liver releasing glucose into the bloodstream, which can also lead to an episode of hypoglycaemia.
With the exception of the pulse most of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia are the complete opposite to those of hyperglycaemia . In spite of this fact the patient's condition is just as serious and will also end in unconsciousness or even death.
These signs and symptoms are:
1. Rapid onset, maybe only minutes
2. Appears uncoordinated
3. Sweating pale skin
4. Normal to shallow breaths
5. Pulse of 100+ and full
6. Aggressive behaviour
7. Hunger
8. Headache
9. Dizziness
10. No breath odour
11. Fits in later stages
***_Hyperglycaemia_***
This is high blood sugar.
The onset of hyperglycaemia is gradual and may take several days. There are inadequate amounts of insulin for the amount of sugar, so the body's glucose level becomes too high and body fat reserves are broken down; resulting in the production of organic acids or ketones .
The patient will show signs of restlessness but will eventually become lethargic and their level of consciousness will deteriorate into total unconsciousness and if left untreated, death. Quick medical intervention is very important.
Signs and symptoms include:
***_Gradual onset, hours or maybe days_***
***_Dry flushed skin_***
***_Deep sighing respirations_***
***_Pulse of 100+_***
***_Fruity breath smell (acetone)_***
***_Fever and thirst_***
***_Nausea_***
***_Lethargy_***
***_Drowsiness_***
***_Vomiting_***
141
describe 4 goups of posions
* ***_Burning or corrosive poisons_***
When swallowed these poisons will, in the first instance, burn or destroy the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, affecting the ability to breathe.
They fall into two categories:
***_Corrosive acids (sulphuric, carbolic/phenol, oxalic, acetic)_***
***_Corrosive alkalines (quick lime, some bleaching fluids)_***
Look out for stains on lips, mouth or clothing to identify them:
***_Yellow (nitric acid)_***
***_Black/brown (sulphuric acid)_***
***_White (acetic acid)_***
* ***_Non-burning poisons_***
These poisons take the route of the systemic circulation and eventually are absorbed by the blood, affecting the nervous system. They include:
***_Barbiturates_***
***_Aspirin_***
***_Alcohol_***
* ***_Industrial poisons and pesticides_***
These poisons can be inhaled or absorbed by the skin
* ***_Irritant poisons_***
These are poisons found in fungi and toadstools, rat poison and foods like shellfish.
They can produce irritation and inflammation of the digestive tract when swallowed.
142
describe alimentary tract with picture
143
describe the effects of the following
Amphetamines (ecstasy)
Amphetamines (ecstasy)
Amphetamines are central nervous system stimulants. Methamphetamine and caffeine are examples of this type of drug and will cause sympathetic hyperactivity. Some produce significant vasoconstriction causing hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate).
In the 1950's and 60's, amphetamines were widely prescribed as appetite suppressants. The short term effects of amphetamines are to increase mental alertness and energy, increase respiration and heart rate and dilate pupils. As these effects wear off, depression and fatigue may follow.
The signs and symptoms are:
Dilated pupils
Headache
Palpitations
Tremor and sweating
Insomnia
Addiction
Swings in mood
Dry mouth
Long term can cause weight loss due to appetite suppression
144
describe the effects of the following
Barbiturates (phenobarbitone)
Barbiturates (phenobarbitone)
Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants and in the past were widely prescribed as sleeping drugs. More recently these drugs have been replaced by benzodiazepines which, although equally addictive, are safer when in the form of an overdose. Barbiturates today are commonly restricted to the anaesthetic room.
The signs and symptoms of an overdose include:
Intoxication
Confusion
Slurred speech
Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Depressed respiration
Impaired coordination
In some cases, nausea, vomiting, tremor, recurrent nightmares and addiction
145
describe the effects of the following
Narcotics (heroin)
Narcotics (heroin)
Narcotics or opioids are analgesic central nervous system depressants and include morphine, pethidine, diamorphine, heroin etc. All drugs within this group are addictive and even short-term exposure can lead to dependence. These drugs are not generally prescribed and are reserved for anaesthesia.
Key symptoms include:
Anxiety
Slurred speech
Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Constricted pupils
Depressed respiratory effort
Photophobia (light phobia)
Aryflexia
Loss of sex drive/menstruation
146
describe the effects of the following
Solvents (glue sniffing)
Solvents (glue sniffing)
Solvent abuse has a depressant effect on the central nervous system. Taken by breathing the fumes directly or from cloths or handkerchiefs soaked in substance.
Solvents are widely used in industrial, domestic and cosmetic products. Short-term effects include light-headedness, dizziness, confusion, progressive drowsiness and loss of coordination. Long-term exposure will cause damage to liver, kidneys, nerves and blood disorders.
The signs and symptoms are:
Nausea
Vomiting
Confusion
Hallucinations
Nasal secretion and sores
Watering eyes
Depressed respiration
Arrythmias (cardiac arrest)
147
A burn is defined as a breach in the continuity of a tissue caused by excessive heat energy.
Yes No
A burn is defined as a breach in the continuity of a tissue caused by excessive heat energy.
## Footnote
Yes
148
A person less than 20 years of age will usually survive a 20% burn.
Yes No
yes
149
Using the rule of nines for an adult, one whole leg represents 9% body area.
## Footnote
Yes No
no
150
Using the rule of nines for a child, one whole arm represents 18% body area.
## Footnote
Yes No
no
151
Which of the following is contraindicated in the administration of oxygen?
Alcohol poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cyanide poisoning
Paraquat poisoning
Which of the following is contraindicated in the administration of oxygen?
Alcohol poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cyanide poisoning
***_Paraquat poisoning_***
152
Normal body temperature is within the range of 36-37oC.
## Footnote
Yes No
yes
153
With regard to the rule of nines for an adult patient, which of the following is correct? (tick 3)
Hand = 1%
Head = 9%
Whole arm = 18%
Whole leg = 18%
With regard to the rule of nines for an adult patient, which of the following is correct? (tick 3)
***_Hand = 1%_***
***_Head = 9%_***
Whole arm = 18%
***_Whole leg = 18%_***
154
What percentage of burn on a patient is classified as major?
1. Ten
2. Twenty
3. Thirty
4. Forty
5. Fifty
What percentage of burn on a patient is classified as major?
1. ***_Ten_***
2. Twenty
3. Thirty
4. Forty
5. Fifty
155
Which of the following issues are predisposing factors of a burn? (tick 3)
1. Fires in road traffic accidents
2. Fireworks
3. Molten metal injuries in industry
4. Time of day burn occurs
Which of the following issues are predisposing factors of a burn? (tick 3)
1. ***_Fires in road traffic accidents_***
2. ***_Fireworks_***
3. ***_Molten metal injuries in industry_***
4. Time of day burn occurs
156
A full thickness burn affects only the
1. dermis only
2. the epidermisthe
3. dermis and epidermis
4. the layers of skin and underlying tissues.
A full thickness burn affects only the
1. dermis only
2. the epidermisthe
3. dermis and epidermis
4. ***_the layers of skin and underlying tissues._***
157
Oxygen is stored in cylinders charged to what pressure?
1. 1000psi
2. 1500psi
3. 2000psi
4. 2500psi
Oxygen is stored in cylinders charged to what pressure?
1. 1000psi
2. 1500psi
3. ***_2000psi_***
4. 2500psi
158
1. Anthrax is a category III infectious disease.
True False
false
159
Chickenpox is a category I infectious disease.
## Footnote
True False
Chickenpox is a category I infectious disease.
## Footnote
False
160
Entonox is composed of 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide.
## Footnote
True False
true
161
Very little or no precautions need to be taken when transporting a category I infectious disease.
## Footnote
True False
true
162
Approximately 40 people die each year from electrocution.
## Footnote
True False
true
163
Which is the odd one out?
Lassa fever
Rabies
Smallpox
Whooping cough
Which is the odd one out?
Lassa fever
Rabies
Smallpox
***_Whooping cough_***
164
Entonox cylinders have a pin index on the neck made up of
1 pin
2 pin
3 pin
4 pin
Entonox cylinders have a pin index on the neck made up of
***_1 pin_***
2 pin
3 pin
4 pin
165
The most common indirect method of contracting an infection is
1. airborne
2. contact with faeces or urine
3. handling clothing
4. using toilet after infected patient.
airborne
166
Which of the following are symptoms of hypothermia? (tick 3)
1. Cold pale skin
2. Fast full pulse
3. Low level of consciousness
4. Slow shallow breathing
Which of the following are symptoms of hypothermia? (tick 3)
***_Cold pale skin_***
Fast full pulse
***_Low level of consciousness_***
***_Slow shallow breathing_***
167
Describe burn areas child/ adult
A patient's hand as a rule, is equal to approximately 1% of a person's body area. Bearing this in mind a system has been developed where:
## Footnote
Head and neck = 9%
Front of trunk = 18%
Back of trunk = 18%
Leg = 18%
Arm = 9%
Genitalia = 1%
There is a slight change in this method when using it to assess small children and infants:
Head and neck = 18%
Front of trunk = 18%
Back of trunk = 18%
Leg = 14%
Arm = 9%
Genitalia = 1%
168
Describe how infection can enter the body
Infection can find its way into the body by four major routes;
1. inhalation,
2. ingestion,
3. inoculation (absorption) or
4. sexual transmission . :
***_1 Direct Contact_***
A second person actually touches the contaminated person. The infection is contained in tiny drops of perspiration which are then absorbed through the skin of the second person. Contamination of the skin by an infected patient's blood can also spread an infection.
2. ***_Indirect Contact_***
The most common indirect method is airborne infection, where infection spreads in droplets of moisture expelled from the patient's nose and mouth, either by ordinary breathing, sneezing or coughing. It is also possible to spread infection via contact with articles of clothing etc that an infected patient has handled, or via contact with their faeces or urine.
169
describe four ways of containing an infection outbreak
***_Immunisation_***
Some people are naturally immune to some diseases, others have to be inoculated.
***_Disinfection_***
Disinfection does not necessarily mean the application of artificial cleaning agents, although this is highly effective.
Disinfection can also happen naturally by the action of the sun or wind.
***_Isolation_***
This method speaks for itself. Infected or suspected infected patients are kept isolated until the outbreak is cleared up.
***_Notification_***
The law demands that certain infectious diseases are notified to the medical officer for environmental health.
The patient's doctor usually does this.
Environmental health can then monitor the outbreak and trace its origin if need be
170
briefly describe partial and full thickness burns
***_Partial thickness_***
**Superficial**
This involves the epidermis only. Redness and swelling of the skin occurs and can be very painful but usually heals within a week without scaring.
**Deep**
This involves both the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. This type of burn has reddening and swelling of the skin but also has associated blistering and is extremely painful.
***_Full thickness_***
This type of burn involves not only the layers of skin but also underlying tissues and bones. These burns will have a whitish yellow appearance with a waxy texture.
There might be associated bleeding and some blood vessels may be visible. Charring of the surrounding tissues will also be apparent.
Although not always the case, this type of burn will seldom be very painful because the nerve endings in the skin have been destroyed
171
Swelling of the throat will cause airway obstruction.
## Footnote
Yes no
yes
172
The abdominal thrust can be used on infants.
## Footnote
Yes No
no
173
A patient in respiratory arrest can still exhibit a pulse.
## Footnote
Yes No
yes
174
The ratio for ventilations to compressions for one operator CPR on an adult patient is 1-5
## Footnote
Yes No
no
175
Haemorrhage is a sign of patient condition.
## Footnote
Yes No
yes
176
Which is the odd one out?
Crepitus
Haemorrhage
Nausea
Vomiting
Which is the odd one out?
Crepitus
Haemorrhage
***_Nausea_***
Vomiting
177
Which is the odd one out?
Memory loss
Pain
Skin colour
Tingling
Which is the odd one out?
Memory loss
Pain
***_Skin colour_***
Tingling
178
Which is the odd one out?
1. Obeys commands
2. Open to pain
3. Open to speech
4. Spontaneous
Which is the odd one out?
1. ***_Obeys commands_***
2. Open to pain
3. Open to speech
4. Spontaneous
179
A major incident is defined as requiring special arrangements due to
location and number of casulties
180
Which officers listed below have a designated role at the scene of a major incident? (tick 3)
* ***Chief ambulance officer***
* ***Incident officer***
* ***Liaison officer***
* ***Parking officer***
Which officers listed below have a designated role at the scene of a major incident? (tick 3)
* Chief ambulance officer
* ***_Incident officer_***
* ***_Liaison officer_***
* ***_Parking officer_***
181
Nausea is a symptom of patient condition.
## Footnote
True False
true
182
A glasgow coma response of "Eyes open to pain" will record a score of 2.
## Footnote
True False
true
183
A glasgow coma verbal response of "Confused" will record a score of 5.
## Footnote
True False
false
184
A glasgow coma motor response of "Extensor response" will record a score of 3.
## Footnote
True False
false
185
The brachial pulse is used to assess the heartbeat of small children and infants.
## Footnote
True False
true
186
There are three main subjects to be considered when making a patient assessment, what are they?
Airway
History
Signs
Symptoms
There are three main subjects to be considered when making a patient assessment, what are they?
Airway
_***History
Signs
Symptoms***_
187
Read the lifting technique advice below:
A) Back straight
B) Stand as close as possible to the object to be lifted
C) Chin tucked in
D) Stand with feet apart
Read the lifting technique advice below:
A) Back straight
B) Stand as close as possible to the object to be lifted
***_C) Chin tucked in_***
D) Stand with feet apart
188
In the glasgow coma scale three vital patient responses are assessed. What are they?
Eye response
Motor response
Pupillary response
Verbal response
In the glasgow coma scale three vital patient responses are assessed. What are they?
***_Eye response_***
***_Motor response_***
Pupillary response
***_Verbal response_***
189
The uterus lies between the bladder and the rectum.
## Footnote
True False
true
190
The uterine arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta.
## Footnote
True False
False
191
Graafian follicles contain the ova.
## Footnote
True False
true
192
There are two umbilical arteries.
## Footnote
True False
true
193
The placenta will protect the foetus from rubella.
## Footnote
True False
false
194
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the
twentieth
twenty fourth
twenty eigth
thirty second week of development
24th
195
Which of the following foetal presentations are head down presentations? (tick 3)
Frank's breech
Left occipito anterior
Left occipito posterior
Persistent mento posterior
Which of the following foetal presentations are head down presentations? (tick 3)
Frank's breech
_***Left occipito anterior
Left occipito posterior
Persistent mento posterior***_
196
Which is the odd one out with regard to the definitions of child abuse?
Mental cruelty
Perversion
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Which is the odd one out with regard to the definitions of child abuse?
Mental cruelty
***_Perversion_***
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
197
expressionless face
loss of coordination of the feet only
muscle rigidity
muscle tremor
is NOT a sign or symptom of Parkinson's disease.
expressionless face
***_loss of coordination of the feet only_***
muscle rigidity
muscle tremor
is NOT a sign or symptom of Parkinson's disease
198
Postpartum haemorrhage is excessive bleeding up to:
16 hours after birth
16 hours before birth
20 hours after birth
24 hours after birth
Postpartum haemorrhage is excessive bleeding up to:
16 hours after birth
16 hours before birth
20 hours after birth
***_24 hours after birth_***
199
The foetal heart has an orifice within the atrial septum called the foramen magnum.
## Footnote
True False
False
200
The "breaking of the waters" usually hails the second stage of labour.
## Footnote
True False
The "breaking of the waters" usually hails the second stage of labour.
## Footnote
True
201
Under normal circumstances the third stage of labour should last no longer than 30 minutes.
## Footnote
True False
true
202
At birth the foramen ovale closes and becomes the fossa ovalis.
## Footnote
True False
true
203
Crowning" is described as being the birth of the baby's shoulders.
## Footnote
True False
false
204
Antepartum haemorrhage occurs after the
first, third, four, thfifth, sixth
months of pregnancy, but before the first
second, third stage of labour
Antepartum haemorrhage occurs after the
first, third, ***four***, thfifth, sixth
months of pregnancy, but before the first
***_second_***, third stage of labour
205
The third stage of labour is when what happens?
The actual birth
The breaking of the waters
The point when crowning is seen
When the placenta is delivered
The third stage of labour is when what happens?
The actual birth
The breaking of the waters
The point when crowning is seen
***_When the placenta is delivered_***
206
In the foetal circulation, the pulmonary trunk is directly joined to the aorta by the ductus aorta, ductus arteriosus, ductus artery ductus venosus
In the foetal circulation, the pulmonary trunk is directly joined to the aorta by the ductus aorta, ***_ductus arteriosus_***, ductus artery ductus venosus
207
Which of the following are found within the decidua? (tick 3)
Chorion
Chorionic villi
Intervillous space
Uterine muscle
Which of the following are found within the decidua? (tick 3)
Chorion
_***Chorionic villi
Intervillous space
Uterine muscle***_
208
The brain is said to shrink in old age. By how much?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 29%
The brain is said to shrink in old age. By how much?
A) 5%
***_B) 10%_***
C) 15%
D) 29%
209
list at least five functions for the following
medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
1 Decussation of pyramids - crossing over of nerve fibres. This explains why the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
2 Reticular formation - responsible for arousal from sleep and consciousness.
3 Cardiac centre - regulates force of contraction and heart rate.
4 Rhythmicity centre - regulates respiratory rhythm.
5 Vasomotor centre - regulates diameter of blood vessels around the body.
210
list at least five functions for the following
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
1. Regulates hunger and food intake
2. Regulates thirst and bodily water intake
3. Regulates body temperature
4. Control of the autonomic nervous system
5. Sensory area for sound, taste and smell
6. Associated with rage and aggression
7. Mind over body phenomenon
211
list at least five functions for the following
## Footnote
cerebellum
***_Cerebellum_***
1. Coordination of subconscious movement
2. Maintenance of balance and posture
3. Muscle tone
4. Sleek movements
5. Sensations of anger and pleasure
212
list at least five functions for the following
cerebrum
cerebrum
1. Processing of sight, touch, smell and hearing
2. Processing sensory impulses from the skin, muscles, bones and joints
3. Control of voluntary skeletal muscle
4. Intelligence
5. Memory
6. Ability to learn
7. Reasoning
8. Moral thought
9. Extra sensory perception
