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Clinical Physiology > Skeletal System 4 - Joints and Movement > Flashcards

Skeletal System 4 - Joints and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

True or False. Joints are classified by their anatomical characteristics, functionality & type of movement

A

True

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2
Q

How are joints structural classified?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

Please give an example of a fibrous joint and what it is?

A

e.g. Skull | No synovial cavity | Held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen

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4
Q

Please give an example of a Cartilaginous joint and what it is?

A

e.g. Spine | No synovial cavity | Bones held together by cartilage

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5
Q

Please give an example of a synovial joint and what it is?

A

e.g. Knee | Bones forming joint have a cavity | United by dense irregular connective tissue & accessory ligaments

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6
Q

How are joints functionally classified?

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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7
Q

What is Synarthrosis?

A

e.g. Skull | Immovable joint

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8
Q

What is Amphiarthrosis?

A

e.g. Pubic symphysis (of pelvis) | Joint capable of slight movement

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9
Q

What is Diarthrosis?

A

e.g. Knee | Joint is freely movable | All are synovial joints | Permit different types of movement

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10
Q

How are fibrous joints classified?

A

Classified as sutures, syndesmoses & interosseous membranes

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11
Q

What are sutures?

A

Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Only occur between bones of skull

Irregular, interlocking edges –
Add strength & decrease fracture risk

Functional classification – Synarthrosis

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12
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

Greater distance between the articulating surfaces & more dense irregular connective tissue
Contain more dense irregular connective
tissue arranged into bundles (ligaments)

Permit limited movement

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13
Q

What are interosseous membranes?

A

Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones | Permit slight movement

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14
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Articulating bones tightly connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Synchondroses
E.g. Epiphyseal growth plate | Connecting material is hyaline cartilage | Functional classification synarthrosis
Symphysis
e.g. Pubic symphysis | Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage | Occur at the midline of the body | Functional classification amphiarthrosis

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15
Q

What are synovial joints functionally classified as?

A

All synovial joints are functionally
classified as diarthroses
Synovial joints – Have a synovial cavity between articulating bones to permit free movement

Reduces friction - Smooth, slippery surface that does not bind form free movement

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16
Q

Bones at synovial joints are covered in a hyaline cartilage known as?

A

Articular cartilage

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17
Q

Synovial joints have a synovial cavity between articulating bones to permit free movement. True of False?

A

True

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18
Q

Fibrous bundles can be arranged into parallel bundles = ?

A

Ligaments
Ligaments are highly resistant to strains
Ligaments hold bones close together in a synovial joint

19
Q

Synovial cavity houses?

A

Synovial fluid

20
Q

What is clear to pale yellow fluid secreted by synovial membrane?

A

Synovial Fluid

21
Q

What is synovial fluid comprised of?

A

hyaluronic acid & fibroblast like cells and it forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule

22
Q

Many synovial joints contain accessory ligaments & articular disks. True or False

A

True

23
Q

What are the names of the accessory ligaments to synovial joints?

A

Extracapsular ligaments
e.g. fibular & tibial collateral ligaments
Lie outside the articular capsule

Intracapsular ligaments
e.g. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Occur within the articular capsule, but outside the synovial cavity

24
Q

What are articular disks of synovial joints?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surface

Occur within the articular capsule, but outside the synovial cavity

Disks subdivide the synovial cavity into 2 spaces –
Allow separate movements

Allow two bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

25
Q

Do synovial joints contain nerve endings?

A

Yes
Nerves that supply a joint are the same
as those that supply skeletal muscles

Nerve endings convey information about
pain to the spinal cord & brain

Other nerve endings respond to the
degree of movement in a joint

26
Q

Do synovial joints receive penetration from arteries and veins?

A

Yes.
Provide oxygen & nutrients
Remove CO2 & waste

27
Q

What is gliding movement?

A

Side-to-side and back-and-forth motions

28
Q

What movements can synovial joints allow?

A

Gliding, Flexion and extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation, pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion & eversion Retraction, protraction, elevation, depression & opposition

29
Q

What are planar joints?

A

Permit back-and-forth & side-to-side movement between flat surfaces of bone
Many planar
joints are biaxial
(permit movement around 2 axes)
i.e second and third cuneiform and navicular

30
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another
Produce angular, opening & closing motions

31
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Rounded or pointed surface of 1 bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone & a ligament
Monoaxial (rotates around its own longitudinal axis)

32
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into an oval shaped depression of another
Biaxial
Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction

33
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped & articular surface of the other bone fits into the ‘saddle’
Triaxial – Movement around 3 axes
Flexion-extension | Abduction-adduction | Rotation

34
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
Triaxial
Flexion-extension | Abduction-adduction | Rotation

35
Q

What factors affect contact and ROM?

A

Structure and shape of articulating bones
Strength and tension of joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of muscles
Contact of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse

36
Q

What do structure and shape of articulating bones affect during contact and ROM?

A

Determines how closely bones fit together | Complimentary relationship allows greater degree of movement (e.g. ball and socket of hip)

37
Q

What do strength and tension of joint ligaments affect during contact and ROM?

A

Ligaments are tense & taught at certain joint positions | Can restrict ROM & direct movement of articulating bones (e.g. ACL taught & PCL loose when knee is straightened & vice versa)

38
Q

What do arrangement and tension of muscles affect during contact and ROM?

A

Reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments to restrict movement

39
Q

What do contact of soft parts affect during contact and ROM?

A

Point at which the body surface contacts another (e.g. bending the arm at the elbow)

40
Q

What do hormones affect during contact and ROM?

A

Relaxin produced by placenta & ovaries | Increases flexibility of fibrocartilage of pubic symphysis | Permit expansion of pelvic outlet to assist with delivery of baby

41
Q

What does disuse affect during contact and ROM?

A

Joint not used for a prolonged period of time (e.g. elbow joint immobilised by cast, reducing ROM at the joint temporarily following removal of cast)

42
Q

How does physical activity help synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid stimulated & secreted in response to joint activity
Synovial fluid is viscous (gel-like) in immobile joints

Physical activity stimulates secretion of synovial fluid

Increased synovial fluid decreases joint stress when exercising

43
Q

What happens to joints as we get older?

A

Ageing promotes the decreased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten & lose flexibility
Age 80 – Almost all people develop degeneration of the knees, elbows, hips & shoulders
Osteoarthritis present in
almost all people over age of 70
Elderly people undergo degenerative changes of the vertebral column - ‘Hunched’ posture from kyphosis places pressure on nerve roots

44
Q

What can help to minimise effects of ageing joints?

A

Stretching, aerobic & resistance exercise that attempt to maintain full ROM

Clinical Physiology (12 decks)

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