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Clinical Physiology > Cellular Physiology 1 - Organisation & Transport > Flashcards

Cellular Physiology 1 - Organisation & Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit structure of the body?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

What does the cell membrane separate?

A

The intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF)

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4
Q

What is cell membrane made from?

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

What do phospholipids consist of?

A

Polar phosphate head
2 non-polar fatty acid tails

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6
Q

Phosphate heads are…

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

Non-polar fatty acid tails are…

A

Hydrophobic

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8
Q

How do 2 phospholipid molecules align themselves?

A

With their tails facing each other, which then forms the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

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9
Q

What may be inserted within or attached to the bilayer?

A

Protein Molecules

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10
Q

Are Some proteins able to move within membrane?

A

Yes, Protein icebergs floating in a sea of lipid

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11
Q

What can be found on the outer surface of a membrane?

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What to glycolipids bind to?

A

Bound to lipids

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13
Q

What do glycoproteins bind to?

A

Bound to proteins

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14
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The structure of the cell membrane & all components found within or on it

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15
Q

What are the major components of the fluid mosaic model?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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16
Q

What forms the basic structure of a cell membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

What prevents large hydrophilic
solutes crossing
membrane unaided?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

What do membrane protein act as?

A

Channels
Carrier molecules
Receptors
Membrane-bound enzymes
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM’s)

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19
Q

What is passive (simple) diffusion?

A

Movement of solute from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration
across selectively permeable membrane

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20
Q

Give examples of passive diffusion.

A

Responsible for transport of H2O across membranes
Important for ions, small non-polar molecules & gases (O2& CO2)
Pass directly through the lipid matrix of membrane

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21
Q

Does passive diffusion require energy expenditure?

A

No, Underpinned by chemical driving force & concentration gradient. Materials move down a concentration gradient

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22
Q

Tell me about Flux.

A

Magnitude of chemical driving force is proportional to concentration gradient
Net flux is directly proportional to the size
of the concentration gradient
The more permeable the membrane, the
higher the rate of transport

23
Q

Rate of diffusion can be predicted using who’s law of diffusion?

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

24
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Transport mechanism for large / polar molecules that cannot cross cell membrane by passive
diffusion (e.g. glucose & amino acids)

25
Q

Facilitated transport obeys Fick’s law? True or False

A

False, Does not obey Fick’s Law - Rate of transport exceeds that predicted by Fick’s Law

26
Q

Tell me more about facilitated diffusion.

A

Involves solute molecules binding to protein carriers embedded in membrane
Diffusion brings solute to binding site of carrier and moves it away from carrier
on other side of membrane

27
Q

What 3 factors is facilitated diffusion determined by?

A

Type of individual carriers
The number of carriers in a membrane
Magnitude of concentration gradient

28
Q

In facilitates transport, Diffusion plateau as a result of what?

A

concentration gradient & number of carriers

29
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of solute from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

30
Q

In active transport, which direction do solutes travel?

A

against a concentration gradient

31
Q

What energy does active transport require?

A

ATP

32
Q

What are the two forms of active transport?

A

Primary and Secondary active transport

33
Q

What is the Electrochemical gradient?

A

Difference in solute concentration across a membrane & the electrical gradient across a
membrane

34
Q

In what direction do Ions move in active transport?

A

Ions moving up the electrochemical gradient harnesses energy

35
Q

In what direction do Ions move in passive transport?

A

Ions move down the electrochemical gradient - Releases energy to drive the flow of the other

36
Q

What proteins harness energy to drive transport in a specified direction?

A

Transport proteins

37
Q

What affinity do carrier proteins have?

A

Equal affinity - Equal on both sides of membrane

38
Q

What affinity do transport proteins have?

A

Unequal affinity - Greater on one side of membrane

39
Q

What outweighs the effect of affinity?

A

Effects of concentration gradient

40
Q

What is the difference between Affinity and Concentration?

A

Affinity - Ions want to be on this side
Concentration - Ions don’t want to be on this side

41
Q

True or False? Active transporters are specific for certain molecules

A

True

42
Q

Do active transporters have a fixed number of binding sites

A

Yes

43
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Solute transported via proteins that serve as pumps

44
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Transport that is powered by an electrochemical gradient previously created by primary active transport

45
Q

What is ATPases?

A

Responsible for harnessing ATP

46
Q

Secondary active transport can be divided into what?

A

Symport (Co-Transport)
Antiport (Counter Transport)

47
Q

What is a symport?

A

2 solutes move in same direction across membrane
Couples inward flow/outward of 2 (or more) different solutes
Solute 1 moves against the concentration gradient
Movement of solute 1 increases affinity of solute 2 receptors
Solute 2 flows against gradient with solute 1

48
Q

What is an antiport?

A

Solutes move in opposite directions across membrane
Inward flow of solute 1 & outward flow of solute 2
Solute 1 requires energy to move across membrane
Protein receptor has high affinity for solute 1 on one side & a
high affinity for solute 2 on the other side
Solute 2 moves across the membrane in opposite direction to
solute 1

49
Q

What is the Na+/K+ pump?

A

3 sodium (Na+) binding sites
2 potassium (K+) binding sites
ATP transports Na+ out of cell
K+ into cell (via electrochemical gradient)

50
Q

How does the Na+/K+ pump work?

A

Intracellular Na+ binds to the pump
Binding of 3 X Na+ causes phosphorylation (via ATP)
Binding of 3 X Na+ & phosphorylation cause conformational change in protein (shape)
Extracellular K+ bind to pump & triggers release of phosphate group
Release of phosphate group allow protein to return to original conformation
K+ ions are released into intracellular space

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Transport of water across cell membranes / capillary walls
Movement of water from region of low solute concentration to
region of high solute concentration
High solute = low water | Low solute = high water

52
Q

Is osmosis active or passive?

A

Always passive - Unaffected by membrane potentials

53
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure - Ability to ‘pull’ water
Water moves from a region of low osmotic pressure to a region of high osmotic pressure
Controlled by amount of osmotically active particles it contains
Indirect measure of solute concentration
Osmotic pressure of solution controlled by amount of osmotically active particles it contains

Clinical Physiology (12 decks)

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