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Clinical Physiology > Skeletal System 2 - Bone Growth and Remodelling > Flashcards

Skeletal System 2 - Bone Growth and Remodelling Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

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2
Q

The bone remodelling process relies on what 2 factors?

A

Bone resorption and Bone deposition

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3
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

Destruction of bone extracellular matrix
Performed by osteoclasts | Removal of minerals & collagen from bone

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4
Q

What is bone deposition?

A

Formation of bone extracellular matrix Performed by osteoblasts | Addition of minerals & to bone

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5
Q

What percentage of total bone mass is being remodelled at any given time?

A

5%

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6
Q

What percentage of compact bone is remodelled per year?

A

4%

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7
Q

What percentage of spongy bone is remodelled per year?

A

20%

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8
Q

True or False? Remodelling removes injured bone tissue.

A

True

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9
Q

True or False? Remodelling isn’t triggered by lifestyle factors

A

False

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10
Q

Is newer bone more resistant or less resistant to fracture than old bone?

A

more resistant

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11
Q

In resorption, osteoclasts attached to bone at the surface of where?

A

The endosteum or periosteum

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12
Q

In resorption, Calcium & phosphorus enter osteoclasts by?

A

endocytosis

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13
Q

What results in Excessive osteoblast activity?

A

Bones abnormally thick & heavy | Spurs

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14
Q

What results in Excessive osteoclast activity?

A

Loss of calcium and weakened bones | Osteoporosis

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15
Q

What factors underpin bone growth and remodelling?

A

Minerals - Calcium | Phosphorus | Magnesium | Fluoride | Manganese
Vitamins - Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Vitamin D | Vitamin K | Vitamin B12
Hormones - Insulin growth-like factor | Thyroid hormones | Oestrogen | Testosterone

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16
Q

What is a bone fracture?

A

Any break in the bone

17
Q

What is an open (compound) fracture?

A

Broken ends of bone protrude through skin

18
Q

What is a closed (simple) fracture?

A

Broken ends of bone do not break the skin

19
Q

What is a Comminuted fracture?

A

Bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces
Smaller bone fragments lie between two main fragments

20
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Partial fracture on one side of the bone
Other side bends

21
Q

What is a Compression fracture?

A

Compression force causes fracture in vertebrae

22
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Series of microscopic fissures that form in bine without
evidence of injury in other tissues

23
Q

What are the 4 steps of fractured bone repair?

A

Formation of fracture haematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodelling

24
Q

Bone strength increases in response to what?

A

Mechanical stress

25
Q

What type of activities promote increases in bone mass?

A

Weight bearing

26
Q

True or False? Ageing promotes accelerated bone loss

A

True

27
Q

Are women or men more at risk of osteoporosis?

A

Women
Process begins during 30’s
30% of calcium lost by 70’s
8% of bone mass lost every 10 years

28
Q

What Condition which causes porous bones?

A

Osteoporosis

29
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Low bone mass

30
Q

What 2 types of medications are used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Antiresorptive drugs
Slow down the progression of bone loss |
Bisphosphonates
Bone building drugs
Promote increase in bone mass |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

31
Q

Ageing promotes what in bone?

A

demineralisation

32
Q

How many people have osteoporosis in England and Wales?

A

> 2 million people

Clinical Physiology (12 decks)

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