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Clinical Physiology > Skeletal System 1 - Structure and Function > Flashcards

Skeletal System 1 - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Support, Protection, Assists movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell protection, Triglyceride storage

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2
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to support?

A

Structural framework for soft tissue | Attachment points for tendons & muscle

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3
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to protection?

A

Protects internal organs

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4
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to assisting movement?

A

Muscle attach to bone & produce movement

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5
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to Mineral homeostasis?

A

Calcium & phosphorus | Storage & release

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6
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to blood cell production?

A

Produce red blood cells | White blood cells | Platelets

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7
Q

What is the function of bone with regards to Triglyceride storage?

A

Stored in yellow bone marrow | Potential energy reserve

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8
Q

What are the Proximal & distal ends of bone called?

A

Ephipyhses

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9
Q

What is the Main shaft of bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

What Contains the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Metaphyses

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11
Q

What Contains the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Metaphysis

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12
Q

What Covers epiphyses | Reduces friction & absorb shock?

A

Articular cartilage

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13
Q

What Surrounds external bone surface | Osteogenic layer |
Connective tissue?

A

Periosteum

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14
Q

What houses the bone marrow?

A

Medullary Cavity

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15
Q

What lines internal bone surface?

A

Endosteum

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16
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

Form bone matrix - build bone

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17
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Maintain bone tissue

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18
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Resorption of the bone matrix - dismantle the bones

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19
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
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20
Q

What cells do you need for bone homeostasis?

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

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21
Q

What percentage of the human body is comprised of spongy bone?

A

20%

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22
Q

What percentage of the human body is comprised of compact bone?

A

80%

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23
Q

What is the strongest form of bone tissue in the body?

A

Compact bone

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24
Q

Blood vessels & nerves penetrate bone via what?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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25
Q

Compact bone is arranged into structural units called?

A

Osteons

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26
Q

What is the scientific name for rings of calcified bone tissue?

A

concentric lamellae

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27
Q

What cells do Lacunae contain?

A

Osteocytes

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28
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Connect osteocytes - forms intricate canal network in bone

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29
Q

Spongy bone contain osteocytes, osteoblasts & osteoclasts. True or false?

30
Q

Spongy bone is arranged into Trabeculae. True or false?

31
Q

Spaces between trabeculae help makes bones slighter. True or false?

32
Q

Is spongy bone as strong as compact bone?

33
Q

What is stored in the spongy bone?

A

Red bone marrow

34
Q

Do compact and spongy bone support against weight stress?

35
Q

How do Periosteal arteries enter diaphysis?

A

through Volkmann’s canals

36
Q

Nutrient artery passes through compact bone via…

A

nutrient foramen

37
Q

Nutrient artery divides into proximal & distal branches – Supplying what?

A

inner compact bone, diaphysis & spongy bone

38
Q

What do Metaphyseal arteries supply?

A

Supply red bone marrow & metaphyses

39
Q

What do Epiphyseal arteries supply?

A

Supply red bone marrow & epiphyses

40
Q

True or False. Nutrient veins – Accompany nutrient artery | Exit in diaphysis

41
Q

Where do periosteal veins exit?

A

Exit in periosteum

42
Q

Where do Epiphyseal & metaphyseal veins exit?

43
Q

Blood vessels are accompanied by…

A

sensory nerves

44
Q

What is Endochondral ossification?

A

Replacement of cartilage by bone

45
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

initial bone development

46
Q

What are the 6 steps of Endochondral ossification?

A

Development of cartilage model
Growth of cartilage model
Development of primary ossification centre
Development of medullary cavity
Development of secondary ossification centres
Formation of articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate

47
Q

In the Development of cartilage model, What do mesenchymal cells form?

A

Chondroblasts

48
Q

In the Development of cartilage model, What do chondoblasts form?

A

Cartilage model

49
Q

In the Growth of cartilage model, What is interstitial growth?

A

Continuous cell division of chondrocytes

50
Q

In the Growth of cartilage model, What is appositional growth?

A

Addition of extracellular matrix material on the cartilage model – Increases thickness

51
Q

In the Development of primary ossification centre,
Perichondrium forms into the?

A

Periosteum

52
Q

In the Development of primary ossification centre,
Chondroblasts differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

In the Development of primary ossification centre, Capillaries grow in calcified cartilage inducing?

A

Growth of the primary ossification centre

54
Q

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses becomes?

A

Articular cartilage

55
Q

What is responsible for lengthwise growth of long bones?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

56
Q

In the Growth of cartilage model, what is appositional growth?

A

Addition of extracellular matrix material on the cartilage model – Increases thickness

57
Q

What is Interstitial growth of cartilage?

A

Cartilage growth on the epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate

58
Q

What is Replacement of cartilage?

A

Replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

59
Q

What is the Epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis

60
Q

The Epiphyseal growth plate is divided into how many zones?

61
Q

What are the 4 zones of the Epiphyseal Cartilage?

A

Zone of resting cartilage - Nearest epiphysis | Scattered chondrocytes
Zone of proliferating cartilage - Larger chondrocytes | Undergo interstitial growth | Divide & secrete extracellular matrix
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - Mature chondrocytes | Arranged in columns
Zone of calcified cartilage - Few chondrocytes | Extracellular matrix around chondrocytes has calcified | Forms diaphysis

62
Q

What age does the epiphyseal growth plate close in females?

63
Q

What age does the epiphyseal growth plate close in males?

64
Q

What does the closure of the epiphyseal growth plate form?

A

Ephiphyseal line

65
Q

Bone thickness increases via?

A

Appositional growth

66
Q

What is a bone scan?

A

A diagnostic scanning procedure that uses a gamma camera & tracer (ingestible or injectable) to measure the radiation emitted from bones

67
Q

Bone scans detect abnormalities how many months before x-ray?

A

3-6 months

68
Q

True or False? Rate of tracer uptake is related to
amount of blood flow to bone

69
Q

In a bone scan, hot spots arise due to increased?

A

increased blood flow in region

70
Q

Can bone scans be used to detect bone cancer?

71
Q

What does DEXA stand for and what is it used for?

A

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry used to determine bone mineral density
similar to X-Ray
Measures mineral content of bone
Used to determine osteoporosis & changes in bone
mineral density when ageing

Clinical Physiology (12 decks)

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