skeletal system (3) Flashcards
Skeletal system
1
Q
The skeletal system is made up of….
A
skeletal bones
cartilage
ligaments
other connective tissue that help stabilize the system
2
Q
the skeletal system is broken down into 2 sections:
A
axial skeleton
appendicular system
3
Q
the Axial skeleton is comprised of…
A
(midline)
skull
ossicles (inner ear)
hyoid bone (deep in neck)
vertebral column
rib cage
4
Q
the appendicular skeleton is comprised of….
A
(upper and lower extremities)
shoulder girdle
arm, forearm, hand
pelvic girdle
leg, foot
5
Q
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
support (provides structure)
storage of minerals (98% of calcium is stored in the bones, but is not produced in the bones)
blood cell production (all specialized cells in the blood are produced in bone marrow inside the bones)
leverage for movement (skeletal muscles pull on the long bones/bones of the skeleton to produce movement)
protection (of vital organs)
6
Q
bone is a supporting connective tissue, as well as _________ tissue.
A
osseous
7
Q
what is bone tissues matrix ? How much of the bone’s mass does it make up?
A
strong calcium phosphate solid matrix. Ca3(PO4)2 makes up ~2/3 of bone mass.
8
Q
bone tissue has ______ fibers that help resist tension for tensile strength. they make up ____ of bone mass and gives a bit of “give”. like snapping a tree branch
A
collagen fibers
~1/3 bone mass
9
Q
this type of bone cell makes up 2% of the bone mass.
A
osteocytes
10
Q
what are the 3 components that make up bone tissue?
A
calcium phosphate solid matrix
collagen fibers
osteocytes
11
Q
cells of the mature bone
A
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
osteogenesis
12
Q
osteocytes
A
mature bone cells
13
Q
osteoblasts
A
immature bone cells
14
Q
osteoclasts
A
dissolves bone
15
Q
osteoprogenitor cells
A
bone stem cells that are important for bone repair
16
Q
osteogenesis
A
creating new bone
17
Q
osteolysis
A
osteoclasts secretes acid to break down bone
18
Q
vessels, veins, and arteries are inside which bone?
A
compact bone
19
Q
vessels, veins, and arteries are contained in ____________
A
central/haversian canal
20
Q
what is the outer edge of bones ? what layers does it have?
A
periosteum
it has a fibrous and cellular layer that covers all bones outer surface
21
Q
canaliculi are the channels that connects __________
A
osteocytes to the outer layer of osteon
22
Q
Articular Surface/Articulation point
A
area where it will connect bone with other bones
23
Q
articulation point for femur
A
pelvic bone
24
Q
trabeculae in a femur is what structure in a bone
A
small beam
25
cortex of a femur is the ______
compact bone
26
this centermost structure (_________) is deeper in the trabeculae. what is found here?
medullary cavity ( = open cavity)
bone marrow
27
spongy bone has an ______ network of ______
open
plates
28
spongy bone surrounds ___________. it is much ________ than compact bone, but NOT as dense as compact bone.
the medullary cavity
lighter
29
spongy bone provides....
some strength and structure
30
In the humerus, blood vessels run through __________ and peak out in _________. They also run through the haversians.
trabecular/spongy bone
compact bone
31
the long shaft of bone in the center is called
diaphysis
32
this type of bone marrow is found in the diaphysis
yellow bone marrow
33
the diaphysis makes this type of blood cell in its bone marrow
white blood cells
34
why is yellow bone marrow called yellow?
it is called yellow because of the amount of adipose cells
35
Red bone marrow makes up all blood cells. What are those blood cells?
Erythrocytes
white blood cells/leukocytes
platelets
36
What bones are red bone marrow found in?
flat bones (sternum, pelvic girdle, skull/cranial bones, scapula)
37
What ones are yellow bone marrow found in?
(in Medullary Capillary and in diaphysis)
humerus
femur
bones in arms/legs
38
What bone marrow is at the end of long bones?
red bone marrow
39
What is the endostem of a trabecular bone?
the outer layer
40
_________ in a trabecular bone are arranged in concentric circles called ________
osteocytes
lamellae
41
are there osteons in spongy bones?
no
42
compact bone takes alot of stress. how does it conduct that stress?
it conducts stress from end to end
43
the osteons (in compact bone) are _________ in the shaft to the long axis of the bone. this is what helps it conduct stress form end to end.
parallel
44
compact bone is _______ when hit from the side. think of its parallel osteons...
not strong, can break
45
how does the spongy bone resist stress applied from many directions? This reduces what in the bone?
the way the trabeculae is organized
it reduces the weight of the bone
46
spongy bone also protects and supports the cells of the __________
bone marrow
47
What two things does the periosteum consist of?
fibrous layer
osteogenic layer
48
the periosteum is there to isolate and protect ________ from _______
bone
surrounding tissues
49
the periosteum provides place of attachment for ________ and _________
circulatory vessels and nerves
50
nerves are pain if _________ breaks
periosteum
51
what in the periosteum makes it active in bone repair and growth?
osteogenic layer
52
periosteum attach bone to connective tissue network of _______ (__________)
deep fascia
dense irregular tissue
53
endosteum is the ______ lining of the bone. it lines the ________________
inner
medullary cavity
54
the endosteum has _________ cells that create new bone.
osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells)
55
osteoprogenitor cells are active in
growth and repair
56
malnutrition affects this layer of the bone
endosteum
57
end of the long bones are called
epiphysis
58
this type of bone marrow is found in the epiphysis
red bone marrow
59
this type of bone marrow is found in the diaphysis
yellow bone marrow
60
this is the structure between the epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal cartilage
also called metaphysis
61
the growth plate is called ______
metaphysis/epiphyseal cartilage
62
the epiphyseal cartilage / metaphysis is very active until ~_______ years old. this area then ______. Damage here can result in growth of functionality issues.
14 to 16 years old
calcifies
63
what are the different types of bones?
sutural
pneumatized
flat
long bones
sesamoid
short
irregular
64
these types of bones are small, rounded, flat bones along the sutures of the skull. they are not always present.
sutural
65
these bones are hollow, open cells that allow for air pockets or air flow. ethmoid bone is an example.
pneumatized
66
ethmoid bone is a pnequmatized bone. it has _______ opening. It is found ___________________ and create a type of sinus (one of our sinuses in our heads).
honeycomb
deep in skull, behind nasal/ocular region
67
these types of bones are strong and lightweight. sternum, scapula, roof of skull, and the ribs are examples of this type of bone.
flat bones
68
flat bones protect
the brain and important organs in the skull
69
flat bones has ______ with layer of ______ in between
compact bone
spongy bone
70
examples of ____ bones are humerus, femur, radius/ulna, tibia/fibula
long bones
71
this type of bone has 1 diaphysis, 2 metaphysis, and 2 epiphysis
long bones
72
this type of bone is usually roundish and flattish. generally small. it is also found near ______
sesamoid bone
joints
73
some people have sesamoid bone here:
base of big toe
distal area of 1st metacarpal
74
the patella is an example of what type of bone ???
sesamoid
75
this type of bones are box-like and cuboidal
short bones
76
short bones are found in the ____ and ____
wrist
ankle (tarsal bones)
77
we have ___ carpal bones and ____ tarsal bones
8 carpal bones
7 tarsal bones
78
the complex shape of _____ bone is shorter, has ridges, flat areas and notched areas
irregular bone
79
the vertebrae is a/an _____ bone
irregular
80
joints are where ___________
bones articulate
81
movements are ____ at joints
restricted
82
joints are _________ (junctions) between _______
articulation ponts
2 or more bones
83
if the humerus is articulating with the bones in the forearm (radius and ulna), the elbow plays the role of _____ because movement is occurring here.
a joint
84
bones can be separated by these 3 things...
fibrous tissue
cartilage
fluid
85
3 main categories of joints are...
synarthroses joints (immovable)
amphiarthroses (slight movement)
diarthroses (freely moving synovial joint)
86
synarthroses is ____ on ____ (calcified)
bone on bone
87
the sutures of the skull are __________ joints
synarthroses joints
88
synchondrosis is seen at articulation of ________
1st sternocostal joint (where 1st rib articulates with the sternum.
89
gomphosis is where _____ connect with the _____
teeth connect with the jaw
90
synostosis is the _____ fusion above ocular orbits
frontal bone
91
amphiarthroses has ______ movement
slight
92
syndesmosis (an amphiarthroses joints) exmaple
connecting bones
forearm: radius/ulna
leg: tibia/fibula
93
94
symphysis is another __________ joint that is found in the pelvic region (where pelvic bones fuse = __________)
amphiarthrotic joint
pubic synthesis
95
in pubic synthesis has ______ movement. it is helpful in childbirth. bones are separated by _________ cartilage. car accident can make one side of the pelvic lift up above the other side.
very little
fibrous scartilage
96
diarthroses is a ________________ joint
freely movable synovial joint
97
all long bones (articulation point) are ________
diarthrotic
98
these two types of main joints have the same basic components. what are the names of those two types?
synovial joints and diarthrotic joints
99
______ cartilage is at the ends of long bones
articular
100
there is fluid in the _____________ to help bathe the joint (provides cushioning)
synovial membrane
101
bursa (in posterior of knee) is
the anterior surface of the patella
102
there are several of _______ in the knee between the femur and tibia. many people tear this.
menisci
103
the fat pads on the posterior aspect of the knee are
inferior and posterior to the patella
104
accessory structures in the knee are...
cartilage
ligaments
tendons
105
which type(s) of joint(s) are considered stable? These are the joints that reduces chance of injury.
synarthrotic joints (immovable joints are more stable and more stronger)
106
which type(s) of joint(s) are considered not stable?
synovial/diarthrotic joints are not stable. They are not very strong.
107
define dislocation
displacement of articulating bone
temporary immobilizes/deforms joints
108
synovial joints can move in 3 different ways such as .....
angular motion
rotational motion
special movements
109
angular motion for synovial joints move in....
abduction/adduction
(shoulder, wrist, hip, fingers)
flexion/extension
(hyperextension)
Dorsiflexion (toes up) / plantarflexion (toes down)
circumduction
110
rotational motion in synovial joints move in...
left/right rotation
(moving head saying "no")
medial (internal) / lateral (external) rotation
movement at: shoulder/hips
pronation/supination
(occurs at forearms)
111
special movements in synovial joints include...
inversion/eversion
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion (occurs at ankles)
lateral flexion
protraction/retraction
opposition/reposition
elevation/depression
112
inversion of your foot is..
looking at the median angle of your foot
113
eversion of your foot is...
looking at the lateral aspect of your foot
114
lateral flexion occurs in ____________
segments of the spine
115
what's cervical lateral flexion
tilting your head to your shoulder.
bring your ear to your shoulder (UT Stretch at work)
116
what's thoracic lateral flexion?
bringing your thoracic/lumbar spine to the left or right
"windshield wiping" your body.
117
opposition is ?
reposition is?
deals with your thumbs.
your thumbs can be opposed to your other fingers (fine motor skills)
your can bring your thumb back and "reposition" it in relation to the other fingers.
118
elevation moves _______
superiorly
119
depression moves _____
inferiorly
120
rheumatism is......
inflammation of the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissues. creates a stiffness in joints.
121
