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axial skeleton (5) Flashcards

thoracic cage and vertebral column

1
Q

how many bones make up the adult vertebrae column?

A

26 bones

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2
Q

how many vertebral bones do we have? and what are they? what isn’t included in this?

A

24 total vertebral bones

7 cervical bones

12 thoracic bones

5 lumbar bones

sacrum and coccyx (1 each) not included

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3
Q

what else is apart of the vertebral column that is not considered to be vertebral bones? (name, definition, and number of bones)

A

1 sacrum bone (5 fused vertebrae)

1 coccyx bone (3-5 fused vertebrae)

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4
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral colum?

A

encloses and protects the spinal cord

supports the skull and weight of the head, neck, and all upper extremities

transfers the weight to the lower limbs as the body moves

helps maintain upright position (posture)

involved in the alignment of the joints between the vertebrae

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5
Q

How does the vertebral column help maintain upright position/posture?

A

muscles attach to the vertebral column to pull on the bones that are in charge of being aligned

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6
Q

most superior vertebral column? (name and number(s) associated with it)

A

cervical (C1-C7)

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7
Q

what is directly inferior to the cervical column? (name and number(s) associated)

A

thoracic (T1-T12)w

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8
Q

what is directly inferior to the thoracic vertebral column? (name and number(s) associated)

A

lumbar (L1-L5)

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9
Q

what is directly inferior to the lumbar region of the vetrebral column? (name and number(s) associated)

A

sacral region (S1-S5)

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10
Q

what is directly inferior to the sacral region of the vertebral column? (name and number(s) associated)

A

coccygeal region (3-5 fused bones)

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11
Q

what movements do the vertebral column produce (not including sacral and coccygeal)?

A

flexion/extension (lateral and regular)

rotation to the left/right

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12
Q

how many curves does the vertebral column have? list the number and then list what those curves are.

A

4 total curves (think of a big “S” on sagittal plane)

subtle anterior cervical curve

pronounced posterior thoracic curve

pronounced anterior lumbar curve

posterior sacral and coccygeal curve

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13
Q

what curve does the cervical area have and why?

A

it has a slight anterior curve

the curve develops with maintaining upright position (from the time infants are sitting up ~5-6 months)

the weight of the head gives cervical segment that anterior curve

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14
Q

what curve does the thoracic area have and why?

A

it has a pronounced posterior curve

it has that curve because of how the organs are set up internally

we need space for the organs around that area (heart, lungs, etc.)

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15
Q

what curve does the lumbar area have and why?

A

it has a pronounced anterior curve

it counterbalances the two curves from above

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16
Q

what curve do the sacral and coccygeal areas have and why?

A

it has a posterior curve

it has this curve to make room for the organs in the pelvic/abdominal region

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17
Q

what are in between each vertebrae?

A

joints called intervertebral discs that connect each vertebrae

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18
Q

what is a good indicator of locating the vertebral body?

A

they are the big chunky regions of the vetrebal bone

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19
Q

is the vertebral body on the anterior or posterior side of the vertebral column?

A

it is on the anterior side of the spinal column

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20
Q

what sticks out on the posterior aspect of the vertebral column?

A

projections called spinous processes

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21
Q

what are spinous processes?

A

they are projections that stick out posteriorly to the spinal column

they are palpable bony landmarks that project mid-sagittaly

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22
Q

what are intervertebral discs made out of?

A

fibrous cartilage

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23
Q

what makes up the intervertebral discs? there are 2 components:

A

inner section: nucleus pulposus

outer ring: annulus fibrosis

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24
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

it gets no blood supply

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25
what are the largest structures in the body without a vascular supply? (meaning this structure is avascular)
intervertebral discs
26
how do intervertebral discs absorb nutirents?
through osmosis
27
what element is inside of the intervertebral discs? specifically inside the 2 components: ____________________
water is inside the nucleus pulposus annulus fibrosis
28
what two ends do the intervertebral discs have?
a superior end plate an inferior end plate
29
what do the superior and inferior end plates do for the vertebral column?
they hold the intervertebral discs in place between the vertebral column
30
what does the vertebral arch do? what is it?
it forms the vertebral foramen (big opening for the spinal cord)
31
what is the vertebral foramen?
a hole formed by the vertebral arch to allow for the spinal cord to pass through big hole
32
what is the vertebral arch made out of?
the pedicle and the laminae
33
how do the transverse processes project?
they project laterally and somewhat posteriorly
34
what is spina bifida?
it is a disorder that has a malformation of the vertebral arch making it fail to close/fuse completely
35
what happens to the extreme degree of spina bifida?
the spinal cord ends up outside or external to the body (discovered at birth or in utero)
36
where are the pedicle and the laminae located?
they have 1 of each on each side of the vertebral arch
37
what passageway does the vertebral canal form?
the vertebral passageway
38
where passageway is the spinal cord found in?
vertebral canal
39
what does the thoracic vertebra articulate with?
the ribs/ribcage
40
what are costals?
they are facets and processes where the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs
41
costal =
ribs
42
chondro =
cartilage
43
where does the vertebrae specifically articulate with a rib?
the transverse costal facet fr tubercle of rib
44
what is the inferior costal facet?
the inferior aspect of the vertebrae articulates with the rib here
45
what is the superior costal facet?
the superior aspect of the vertebral column articulates with the ribs here
46
these facets are only found in the thoracic vertebrae
transverse costal inferior costal superior costal
47
what are articular processes?
process = projections they are articulation projections off the vertebral column
48
what is the superior articular facet?
it is the location of where the vertebrae articulates with the one above it (anterior to it)
49
what is the inferior articular facet?
it is the location of where the vertebrae articulates with the one inferior to it (below it)
50
there is a space between the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs called:
intervertebral foramina
51
where do the nerve roots come off the spinal cord? where do the nerve roots go?
they come off the intervertebral foramina they go out towards different regions in the body
52
what specifically (nerve-wise) comes off the spinal cord? it exits the vertebral columns
nerve root ceramia
53
why is there a side opening for the intervertebral foramen?
it is because of how the vertebrae lines up it creates openings for nerves to come out of the spinal cord to go to the rest of the body
54
what are occlusions?
they are blockings due to arthritic degenerative changes, lesions nearby, possible cancerous tumor (or non-cancerous) and disc herniations
55
disc herniations are when ___________________
intervertebral discs herniate the nucleus pulposus pushes through the annulus fibrosis and presses on the nerve this can create nerve issues
56
intervertebral discs absorbs __________ and herniated discs presses on the _________________
absorbs shock spinal nerve or spinal cord
57
why are the spinous processes different in the cervical vertebrae?
they a bifid (except of C1 and C7) bifid means they split in to two processes at the ends
58
the transverse foramina is unique to the cervical vertebrae and has an area where _____________ are fused to the ____________
transverse processes costal processes
59
costal is known as __________ in cervical vertebrae because it is more typically referred to costal in the __________ vertebrae
vestigial processes thoracic
60
what is a vestigial process and what does it refer to?
vestigial process means we do not use it anymore, we have evolved past its usage it refers to the costal processes in the cervical vertebrae
61
what is the anatomical name for the C1 vertebrae
the Atlas
62
what is the function of the Atlas? (what does it articulate with)
the C1 vertebrae (Atlas) articulates with the skull. specifically at the condyles of the skull
63
does the Atlas have a vertebral body?
no
64
what does the Atlas consist of?
anterior/posterior vertebral arches anterior/posterior tubercle superior/inferior articulating facets
65
which vertebrae has the largest vertebral foramen. why?
the C1 Atlas the spinal cord begins here. first projects from here, making it large
66
what movement does the Atlas help produce?
saying "yes" cervical flexion/extension
67
what is the anatomical name for the C2 vertebrae?
the Axis
68
what unique structure does the C2 (Axis) have?
the Axis has a unique projection called the dens
69
where does the Axis and Atlas articulate?
at the Dens
70
what ligament binds the dens to hold the Axis?
transverse ligament
71
what movement does the Axis help produce?
saying "no" cervical left/right rotation
72
what is missing from the C1 (Atlas) that is found in other cervical vertebrae (and all other vertebrae because of the vertebral body?)
pedicle and the lamina since there is no vertebral arch, there is nothing t(the pedicle and lamina) to form the arch
73
instead of having the pedicle and the lamina in the ____________, we have the __________ instead
Atas anterior and posterior arch
74
what is unique in the Atlas?
the anterior/posterior tubercle
75
where is the facet (the articulation point) for the dens
is it located on the superior aspect of the Atlas
76
how do the dens project off the Axis?
they project superiorly on the anterior side
77
what arch of the atlas wraps around the dens of the axis?
the anterior arch
78
the transverse ligament binds the _______ of the axis to the atlas
dens
79
the transverse ligament helps us perform what movement ?
cervical rotation saying "no"
80
C2 (Axis) has the appearance of ________. This is missing in the Atlas.
the vertebral body
81
what structure is unique in the C7 vertebrae? What do they not have that other cervical vertebrae have.
the vertebral prominens they do not have spinous processes
82
the C7 has a long prominent spinous process called __________
the vertebral prominens
83
the C7 vertebrae also has a large, elastic ligament that begins at C7 called ______________
Ligamentum Nuchae
84
where does the Ligamentum Nuchae begin? where does it extend to?
it begins at the vertebral prominence and extends to the external occipital crest of the skull
85
what movement does the Ligamentum Nuchae help produce? how else is it important?
cervical flexion/extension is a sight of attachment for cervical muscles and runs midsagittaly
86
how do they spinous processes align?
very horizontally projects posteriorly outwards
87
what is inferior to the ligamentum nuchae and also connects to this structure?
supraspinous ligament
88
what is the supraspinous ligament
landmark for muscular attachment
89
all _______ thoracic vertebrae have _______ articulations
12 thoracic vertebrae rib
90
what facets, if any, do the T1-T8 sections of the vertebrae have?
superior / inferior costal facets
91
what facets, if any, do the T9-T12 sections of the vertebrae have?
only have 1 facet to articulate with 1 rib
92
what facets, if any, do the T1-T10 sections of the vertebrae have?
transverse costal facets to articulate with tubercles of the ribs
93
what does the thoracic vertebrae support?
the ribs
94

Anatomy (10 decks)

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