Skeletal System Flashcards
Define support?
The skeletal system provides structural support and a framework for attachment of soft tissue and organs
List the 7 functions in the Skeletal System?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral and growth factor storage
- Blood cell formation
- Triglyceride Storage
- Hormone Production
Define Protection?
It protects the most important internal organs from injury. Example cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Define Movement?
Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement. (Articulation).
Define mineral and growth factor storage?
Bones maintain large reserve of calcium and phosphate ions.
Bone tissue stores several mineral, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s calcium. On demand, bone releases mineral into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.
Define blood cell formation?
The hollow spaces in some bones contains red blood marrow cells, which are produced.
Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within network of reticular fibers. It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and ends of bones of the humerus and femur. in a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involves in hemopoiesis, with increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.
Define triglyceride storage?
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.
Define Hormone Production?
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system. Endocrine tissues are specialised to produce such hormones, which have genes switched on according the the hormones they were designed to produce. The protein synthesis pages in the cell biology tutorial go into depth about protein production, which is relevant here as hormones consist of proteins.
What are the two major components in he skeletal system?
- Bone
2. Skeletal Cartilage
What are the 2 division of a bone?
- Axial Division
2. Appendicular Division
What is the axial division and what component does it fall under?
Protects, supports, and carries other body parts
Bone component
What is the Appendicular Division and what component does it far under?
It helps us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment (appendages)
Bone component
What makes up the Skeletal Cartilage (6 points)?
- Articular Cartilage
- Coastal Cartilage
- Respiratory Cartilage
- Nasal Cartilage
- Intervertebral Discs
- Menisci of knee
What is the Articular Cartilage and what component is it under?
Covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints
Skeletal Cartilage
What is the Coastal Cartilage and what component is it under?
Connects the ribs to the sternum
Skeletal Cartilage
What is the Respiratory Cartilage and what component is it under?
Reinforce respiratory passageways
Skeletal Cartilage
What is the Nasal Cartilage and what component is it under?
The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.
Skeletal Cartilage
What is the Intervertebral Discs and what component are they under?
Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. Their role as shock absorbers is crucial. Skeletal Cartilage
What is the Menisci of knee and what component is it under?
A meniscus is a piece of cartilage found where two bones meet (joint space). Menisci (plural of meniscus) protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends. In the knee, the crescent-shaped menisci are positioned between the ends of the upper (femur) and lower (tibia) leg bones.
Skeletal Cartilage
Look at the skeleton on page 2 of the Notes
Shows the difference between the axial and appendicular divisions are
Where all of the cartilages are located.
In bone anatomy, what are the two types of bones?
- Compact Bone
2. Spongy Bone
What is the compact bone?
External layer
Dense and smooth
Solid to the naked eye
What is spongy bone?
Inner layer
Honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae
Within the trabecular of living humans, the red or yellow bone marrow can be found
Look at page 5 in notes to see what the spongy bone and compact bone look like
See the difference between the two types of bones
What are the four classifications of bones?
- Long Bones
- Short Bones
- Flat Bones
- Irregular bones
How are the long bones classified?
Longer than they are wide
Has a shaft and two ends
Examples: Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, and phalanges
How are the short bones classified?
Roughly cube shaped Vary in size and number by individual Examples: carpals, tarsals Sesamoid is a specific short binge located within a tendon Ex: Patella
How are the flat bones classified?
Thin, flattened, and usually bit curved
Examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
How are the irregular bones classified?
Complicated shapes
Does not fit into the other three groups
Examples: Hip bones, vertebrae
Know the anatomy of the long bone?
Picture is located on page 6 of notes
Key terms: Articular cartilage, spongy bone, epiphyseal line, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis
What is the bone formation?
- All bones below the base of the skull (except the clavicle) form by endochandral ossification.
- starting during the second month as a human embryo, the hyaline cartilage models are formed into bones.
- Formation begins with a primary ossification center:
- blood vessels penetrate hyaline covering, and convert it into a vascularized periosteum
- osteoblasts (bone forming cells) formed, and ossification can begin
What is the process of bone formation?
Look at page 7 in the notes for diagram on the formation of bones.
- Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.
- Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and the develops cavities.
- The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
- The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.
- The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and Articular cartilages.
Bone Growth
How does bones grow?
Look at picture on page 7 of notes
- Bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
- The cells divide quickly, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis.
- The cells closest to the diaphysis become part of the ossification zone.
Bone Modeling
How are bones remodeled?
Look at the picture on page 8 of notes
- The epiphyseal ends are continuously remodeled to maintain proper proportioning between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
- Involved bone formation and bone resorption.
What are three types of fractures?
- Spiral Fracture
- Epiphyseal Fracture
- Comminuted Fracture
What is a Spiral Fracture?
- Excessive twisting force on the bone
- Most common in sports fractures
What is a Epiphyseal Fracture?
-Epiphysis separates from diaphysis
What is a Comminuted Fracture?
- Bone fragments in three or more pieces
- Common in older individuals whose bones are more brittle
What type of fracture was the youtube example that we watched in class of?
Kevin Ware Injury
Classified by is the position is placed or displaced
If it is an incomplete or complete fracture
If it is a compound/closed simple fracture
Bone Healing
How do bones heal?
- A fracture first requires a reduction, or realignment of the broken ends
- Once reduced, immobilization via cast or traction is needed.
- Healing of a simple, small or medium bone can take 6-8 weeks. It will take linger in older people, and in larger, weight bearing bones.
What are the steps to bone healing?
Look at the diagram on page 10 to see how the bones heal.
- A hematoma forms
- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms (turns into spongy bone).
- Bone remodeling occurs
