Skeletal System

Question 0

Define support?

Answer 0

The skeletal system provides structural support and a framework for attachment of soft tissue and organs

Question 1

List the 7 functions in the Skeletal System?

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral and growth factor storage
5. Blood cell formation
6. Triglyceride Storage
7. Hormone Production

Question 2

Define Protection?

Answer 2

It protects the most important internal organs from injury. Example cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, and rib cage protects the heart and lungs.

Question 3

Define Movement?

Answer 3

Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce movement. (Articulation).

Question 4

Define mineral and growth factor storage?

Answer 4

Bones maintain large reserve of calcium and phosphate ions.
Bone tissue stores several mineral, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Bone tissue stores about 99% of the body’s calcium. On demand, bone releases mineral into the blood to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.

Question 5

Define blood cell formation?

Answer 5

The hollow spaces in some bones contains red blood marrow cells, which are produced.
Within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis. Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within network of reticular fibers. It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the hip (pelvic) bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and ends of bones of the humerus and femur. in a newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involves in hemopoiesis, with increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.

Question 6

Define triglyceride storage?

Answer 6

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.

Question 7

Define Hormone Production?

Answer 7

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system. Endocrine tissues are specialised to produce such hormones, which have genes switched on according the the hormones they were designed to produce. The protein synthesis pages in the cell biology tutorial go into depth about protein production, which is relevant here as hormones consist of proteins.

Question 8

What are the two major components in he skeletal system?

Answer 8

1. Bone

2. Skeletal Cartilage

Question 9

What are the 2 division of a bone?

Answer 9

1. Axial Division

2. Appendicular Division

Question 10

What is the axial division and what component does it fall under?

Answer 10

Protects, supports, and carries other body parts

Bone component

Question 11

What is the Appendicular Division and what component does it far under?

Answer 11

It helps us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment (appendages)
Bone component

Question 12

What makes up the Skeletal Cartilage (6 points)?

Answer 12

1. Articular Cartilage
2. Coastal Cartilage
3. Respiratory Cartilage
4. Nasal Cartilage
5. Intervertebral Discs
6. Menisci of knee

Question 13

What is the Articular Cartilage and what component is it under?

Answer 13

Covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints

Skeletal Cartilage

Question 14

What is the Coastal Cartilage and what component is it under?

Answer 14

Connects the ribs to the sternum

Skeletal Cartilage

Question 15

What is the Respiratory Cartilage and what component is it under?

Answer 15

Reinforce respiratory passageways

Skeletal Cartilage

Question 16

What is the Nasal Cartilage and what component is it under?

Answer 16

The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.
Skeletal Cartilage

Question 17

What is the Intervertebral Discs and what component are they under?

Answer 17

Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. Their role as shock absorbers is crucial.
Skeletal Cartilage

Question 18

What is the Menisci of knee and what component is it under?

Answer 18

A meniscus is a piece of cartilage found where two bones meet (joint space). Menisci (plural of meniscus) protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends. In the knee, the crescent-shaped menisci are positioned between the ends of the upper (femur) and lower (tibia) leg bones.
Skeletal Cartilage

Question 19

Look at the skeleton on page 2 of the Notes

Answer 19

Shows the difference between the axial and appendicular divisions are
Where all of the cartilages are located.

Question 20

In bone anatomy, what are the two types of bones?

Answer 20

1. Compact Bone

2. Spongy Bone

Question 21

What is the compact bone?

Answer 21

External layer
Dense and smooth
Solid to the naked eye

Question 22

What is spongy bone?

Answer 22

Inner layer
Honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae
Within the trabecular of living humans, the red or yellow bone marrow can be found

Question 23

Look at page 5 in notes to see what the spongy bone and compact bone look like

Answer 23

See the difference between the two types of bones

Question 24

What are the four classifications of bones?

Answer 24

1. Long Bones 2. Short Bones 3. Flat Bones 4. Irregular bones

Question 25

How are the long bones classified?

Answer 25

Longer than they are wide Has a shaft and two ends Examples: Humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, and phalanges

Question 26

How are the short bones classified?

Answer 26

``` Roughly cube shaped Vary in size and number by individual Examples: carpals, tarsals Sesamoid is a specific short binge located within a tendon Ex: Patella ```

Question 27

How are the flat bones classified?

Answer 27

Thin, flattened, and usually bit curved | Examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

Question 28

How are the irregular bones classified?

Answer 28

Complicated shapes Does not fit into the other three groups Examples: Hip bones, vertebrae

Question 29

Know the anatomy of the long bone?

Answer 29

Picture is located on page 6 of notes Key terms: Articular cartilage, spongy bone, epiphyseal line, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis

Question 30

What is the bone formation?

Answer 30

- All bones below the base of the skull (except the clavicle) form by endochandral ossification. - starting during the second month as a human embryo, the hyaline cartilage models are formed into bones. - Formation begins with a primary ossification center: - blood vessels penetrate hyaline covering, and convert it into a vascularized periosteum - osteoblasts (bone forming cells) formed, and ossification can begin

Question 31

What is the process of bone formation? | Look at page 7 in the notes for diagram on the formation of bones.

Answer 31

1. Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. 2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and the develops cavities. 3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms. 4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. 5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and Articular cartilages.

Question 32

Bone Growth How does bones grow? Look at picture on page 7 of notes

Answer 32

- Bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate. - The cells divide quickly, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis. - The cells closest to the diaphysis become part of the ossification zone.

Question 33

Bone Modeling How are bones remodeled? Look at the picture on page 8 of notes

Answer 33

- The epiphyseal ends are continuously remodeled to maintain proper proportioning between the diaphysis and the epiphysis - Involved bone formation and bone resorption.

Question 34

What are three types of fractures?

Answer 34

1. Spiral Fracture 2. Epiphyseal Fracture 3. Comminuted Fracture

Question 35

What is a Spiral Fracture?

Answer 35

- Excessive twisting force on the bone | - Most common in sports fractures

Question 36

What is a Epiphyseal Fracture?

Answer 36

-Epiphysis separates from diaphysis

Question 37

What is a Comminuted Fracture?

Answer 37

- Bone fragments in three or more pieces | - Common in older individuals whose bones are more brittle

Question 38

What type of fracture was the youtube example that we watched in class of?

Answer 38

Kevin Ware Injury Classified by is the position is placed or displaced If it is an incomplete or complete fracture If it is a compound/closed simple fracture

Question 39

Bone Healing | How do bones heal?

Answer 39

- A fracture first requires a reduction, or realignment of the broken ends - Once reduced, immobilization via cast or traction is needed. - Healing of a simple, small or medium bone can take 6-8 weeks. It will take linger in older people, and in larger, weight bearing bones.

Question 40

What are the steps to bone healing? | Look at the diagram on page 10 to see how the bones heal.

Answer 40

1. A hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms (turns into spongy bone). 4. Bone remodeling occurs