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KINE Exam #2 Review > Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of human anatomy?

A
  1. Macroscopic Anatomy

2. Microscopic Antatomy

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts

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2
Q

What is macroscopic anatomy?

A

Visible to the naked eye

Gross anatomy

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3
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

Use of optical instruments in the study of various structures
Cytology, histology

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4
Q

What are the three main approaches to studying anatomy?

A
  1. Regional Anatomy
  2. Systemic Anatomy
  3. Clinical Anatomy
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5
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A
  • Study of the body’s structure by parts or segments
  • Example: 1. head, neck, and trunk
    2. Upper extremities
    3. Lower extremities
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6
Q

What is Systematic Anatomy?

A
  • Study of the body’s organ system that work together to carry out complex functions
  • Example: Skeletal, muscular, urinary, respiratory, etc.
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7
Q

What is clinical anatomy?

A

-Study of the body’s structures and functions important to medicine, dentistry and allied health sciences.

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8
Q

What is homeostasis?

A
  • To keep in balance
  • The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition, even though the outside world is continuously changing
  • The body is in homeostasis when it’s needs are adequately met and is functioning smoothly.
  • Example: teeter totter
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9
Q

What is the order of homeostasis on the teeter totter?

Look at diagram on page 3 of notes

A

Starts at stimulus: Heat-Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- control Center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Sweat Glands- Stimulus: Cold- Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- Control center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Skeletal Muscles- back to the beginning at the stimulus

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10
Q

What are the 11 systems in Systematic Anatomy?

A
  1. Integumentary System
  2. Reproductive System
  3. Endocrine a System
  4. Nervous System
  5. Digestive System
  6. Urinary System
  7. Circulatory System
    • Cardiovascular System
    • Lymphatic System
  8. Respiratory System
  9. Skeletal System
  10. Articular System
  11. Muscular System
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11
Q

What are the two components in the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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12
Q

What is the Epidermis component of the Integumentary System?

A
  • It is the protective outer layer

- Regenerative and avascular

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13
Q

What is the Dermis component of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers

- Account for strength and toughness of skin

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14
Q

What are the 5 functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Containment
  3. Heat Regulation
  4. Sensation
  5. Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
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15
Q

What is protection mean as a function of the integumentary system?

A

It protects internal organs from disease

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16
Q

What is containment mean as a function of the integumentary system?

A

Organs, water, to prevent fluid loss

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17
Q

What is heat regulation mean as a function of the integumentary system?

A

Evaporation, loose body temperature, ultraviolet radiation

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18
Q

What is sensation mean as a function of the integumentary system?

A

Pain receptors

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19
Q

What is synthesis and storage of vitamin D mean as a function of the integumentary system?

A

Decrease Vitamin D, lower energy

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20
Q

Within the Integumentary System there are three different degrees of burns what are they?

A
  1. 1st degree burn
  2. 2nd degree burn
  3. 3rd degree burn
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21
Q

What is a 1st degree burn?

A
  • Superficial
  • Damage to the epidermis
  • Redness of skin, pain, swelling, and peeling
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22
Q

What is a 2nd degree burn?

A
  • Partial-thickness
  • Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering
  • Nerve endings damaged
  • Slow healing (3 weeks to months)
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23
Q

What is a 3rd degree burn?

Look at picture on page 4 in notes to see graphics

A
  • Full-thickness
  • Entire thickness of skin damaged and sometimes underlying muscle
  • Sensory nerve endings are destroyed
  • Minor degree of healing can occur around edges; ulcerated portions require skin grafts
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24
Q

The reproductive system is studied in two systems, what are they?

A
  1. Females

2. Males

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25
Q

What is the study of the Female reproductive system?

A

-Gynecology

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26
Q

What are the primary sex organs in females (gonads) and what do they produce?

A
  • Ovaries

- produce oocytes (eggs)

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27
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs in females?

A

-Ducts, glands, and external genitalia

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28
Q

What does the female reproductive system secrete?

A

-Secrete steroid sex hormones

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29
Q

What are the hormones that the female reproductive system produces?

A

-Estrogen and Progesterone

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30
Q

What is the study of the Male reproductive system?

A

Andrology

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31
Q

What are the primary sex organs in males (gonads) and what do they produce?

A
  • Testes

- produce sperm

32
Q

What does the male reproductive system secrete?

A

Secretes steroid sex hormones

33
Q

What are the hormones that the Male reproductive system produces?

A

Androgen

34
Q

What is the study of hormones and endocrine organs?

A

Endocrinology

35
Q

What are the organs that are involved in the endocrine system?

A
  • The organs are small and widely scattered throughout the body
  • Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.
36
Q

What controls and integrates the endocrine systems?(There are 5 controls)

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth and development
  3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
  4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  5. Mobilization of body defenses
37
Q

What is the nervous system?

A
  • Master controlling and communicating system of the body

- Every thought, action and emotions a result of nervous system activity

38
Q

What are the two principals divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

39
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain and spinal cord

40
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • Spinal nerves

- Peripheral nerves

41
Q

What are the three overlapping functions in the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Output
42
Q

What is the sensory input in the nervous system?

A

-Sensory receptors monitor changes both inside and outside of the body

43
Q

What is the integration in the nervous system?

A

-Interprets sensory input and decides what should be done with it

44
Q

What is motor output in the nervous system?

A

-Effector organs (muscles and glands) are activated to cause a response.

45
Q

What are the two main groups of digestive organs?

A
  1. Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

46
Q

What does the alimentary canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Track do in the digestive system?

A
  • Digests food and absorbs digested fragments into blood
  • Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
  • Approximately 30 feet longer in a cadaver, shorter in a living person
47
Q

What does the accessory Digestive Organs do in the digestive system?

A
  • Produce a variety of secretions that help break down food

- Includes the teeth, the tongue, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

48
Q

What are the six essential activities to process food in the digestive system?
Look at diagram on page 7

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical breakdown
  3. Propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
49
Q

What does the ingestion do in the digestion system?

A

It brings food into the body

50
Q

What does mechanical breakdown do in the digestive system?

A

In mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (segmentation), breaks it down

51
Q

What does propulsion do in the digestive system?

A

Swallowing (oropharynx)

Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine).

52
Q

What does absorption do in the digestive system?

A
  • Take and absorb fluid
  • Includes lymph vessel and blood vessel
  • In the blood vessel it is mainly H20
53
Q

What does defecation do in the digestive system?

A

Release of feces

Poop

54
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

-The kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the blood stream

55
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

56
Q

What are the 5 steps to maintaining the body’s internal environment?

A
  1. Regulating the total volume of water in the body
  2. Ensuring long term acid-base balance
  3. Excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  4. Produce molecules essential for regulating red blood cell production
  5. Converting vitamin D to its active form
57
Q

What is the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Circulation of access fulids

- The division of the circulatory system

58
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Acts as an “overflow” system, providing drainage or surplus tissue fluid
  • Absorption and transportation of dietary fat
  • Formation of a defense mechanism for the body
59
Q

What are the 6 components of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Lymphatic plexuses
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph
  4. Lymph nodes
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, tonsils)
60
Q

What is widely distributed throughout the body and is not apparent on a cadaver?

A

The Lymphatic System

61
Q

What happens when you sprain your ankle?

A

The ankle swells which is a second response of healing, all molecules increase in protein and you need water in that area, dilute molecules, it stays longer , too much swelling is bad, need hot/cold ice bath

62
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

It is a division of the circulatory system, responsible for blood transportation

63
Q

What did the Greeks believe?

A

They believed the heart was the source of intelligence, while others thought it was the source of emotion

64
Q

What are the two components in the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Heart

2. Blood vessels

65
Q

What is the heart in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Two superior atria

- Two inferior ventricles

66
Q

What are the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Veins-take blood to the heart
  • Arteries-take blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries- all nutrients are exchanged
67
Q

What are the two circulatory divisions in the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation

2. Systemic Circulation

68
Q

What is the Pulmonary circulation in the cardiovascular system?

A

-Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to dispose of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

69
Q

What is the Systemic circulation in the cardiovascular system?

A

-Left side of the heart pumps blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissue

70
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the heart?

Look at page 9 in notes for the diagram of the heart

A

The blood starts in the Right Atrium-goes down into the Right Ventricle-up through to the the Left Atrium-and down through the Left Ventricle-and up through the red blood vessel and back out on the bottom of the heart.

71
Q

What does the respiratory system supply?

A

Supplies oxygen to our trillions of cells, which without we can not live.

72
Q

What are the two components of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Upper Respiratory Tract

2. Lower Respiratory Tract

73
Q

What is the Upper Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
74
Q

What is the Lower Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
75
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

-It brings air in and out of our lungs

76
Q

What are the four process of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Transport of Respiratory Gases
  4. Internal Respiration
77
Q

Which two process of Respiration can not occur without help from the circulatory system?

A
  1. Transport of Respiratory Gases

2. Internal Respiration

78
Q

What is internal Respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between blood cells and anywhere they need to go

KINE Exam #2 Review (6 decks)

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