Human Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 2 subdivisions of human anatomy?
- Macroscopic Anatomy
2. Microscopic Antatomy
What is anatomy?
The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts
What is macroscopic anatomy?
Visible to the naked eye
Gross anatomy
What is microscopic anatomy?
Use of optical instruments in the study of various structures
Cytology, histology
What are the three main approaches to studying anatomy?
- Regional Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
- Clinical Anatomy
What is regional anatomy?
- Study of the body’s structure by parts or segments
- Example: 1. head, neck, and trunk
2. Upper extremities
3. Lower extremities
What is Systematic Anatomy?
- Study of the body’s organ system that work together to carry out complex functions
- Example: Skeletal, muscular, urinary, respiratory, etc.
What is clinical anatomy?
-Study of the body’s structures and functions important to medicine, dentistry and allied health sciences.
What is homeostasis?
- To keep in balance
- The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition, even though the outside world is continuously changing
- The body is in homeostasis when it’s needs are adequately met and is functioning smoothly.
- Example: teeter totter
What is the order of homeostasis on the teeter totter?
Look at diagram on page 3 of notes
Starts at stimulus: Heat-Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- control Center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Sweat Glands- Stimulus: Cold- Receptors Temperature Sensitive cells- Control center Thermoregulatory center in Brain- Effectors Skeletal Muscles- back to the beginning at the stimulus
What are the 11 systems in Systematic Anatomy?
- Integumentary System
- Reproductive System
- Endocrine a System
- Nervous System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Circulatory System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Skeletal System
- Articular System
- Muscular System
What are the two components in the Integumentary System?
- Epidermis
2. Dermis
What is the Epidermis component of the Integumentary System?
- It is the protective outer layer
- Regenerative and avascular
What is the Dermis component of the Integumentary System?
- Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
- Account for strength and toughness of skin
What are the 5 functions of the Integumentary System?
- Protection
- Containment
- Heat Regulation
- Sensation
- Synthesis and storage of Vitamin D
What is protection mean as a function of the integumentary system?
It protects internal organs from disease
What is containment mean as a function of the integumentary system?
Organs, water, to prevent fluid loss
What is heat regulation mean as a function of the integumentary system?
Evaporation, loose body temperature, ultraviolet radiation
What is sensation mean as a function of the integumentary system?
Pain receptors
What is synthesis and storage of vitamin D mean as a function of the integumentary system?
Decrease Vitamin D, lower energy
Within the Integumentary System there are three different degrees of burns what are they?
- 1st degree burn
- 2nd degree burn
- 3rd degree burn
What is a 1st degree burn?
- Superficial
- Damage to the epidermis
- Redness of skin, pain, swelling, and peeling
What is a 2nd degree burn?
- Partial-thickness
- Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering
- Nerve endings damaged
- Slow healing (3 weeks to months)
What is a 3rd degree burn?
Look at picture on page 4 in notes to see graphics
- Full-thickness
- Entire thickness of skin damaged and sometimes underlying muscle
- Sensory nerve endings are destroyed
- Minor degree of healing can occur around edges; ulcerated portions require skin grafts
The reproductive system is studied in two systems, what are they?
- Females
2. Males
What is the study of the Female reproductive system?
-Gynecology
What are the primary sex organs in females (gonads) and what do they produce?
- Ovaries
- produce oocytes (eggs)
What are the accessory reproductive organs in females?
-Ducts, glands, and external genitalia
What does the female reproductive system secrete?
-Secrete steroid sex hormones
What are the hormones that the female reproductive system produces?
-Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the study of the Male reproductive system?
Andrology
What are the primary sex organs in males (gonads) and what do they produce?
- Testes
- produce sperm
What does the male reproductive system secrete?
Secretes steroid sex hormones
What are the hormones that the Male reproductive system produces?
Androgen
What is the study of hormones and endocrine organs?
Endocrinology
What are the organs that are involved in the endocrine system?
- The organs are small and widely scattered throughout the body
- Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.
What controls and integrates the endocrine systems?(There are 5 controls)
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
- Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
- Mobilization of body defenses
What is the nervous system?
- Master controlling and communicating system of the body
- Every thought, action and emotions a result of nervous system activity
What are the two principals divisions of the nervous system?
- Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System
What is the Central Nervous System?
Brain and spinal cord
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
- Spinal nerves
- Peripheral nerves
What are the three overlapping functions in the nervous system?
- Sensory Input
- Integration
- Motor Output
What is the sensory input in the nervous system?
-Sensory receptors monitor changes both inside and outside of the body
What is the integration in the nervous system?
-Interprets sensory input and decides what should be done with it
What is motor output in the nervous system?
-Effector organs (muscles and glands) are activated to cause a response.
What are the two main groups of digestive organs?
- Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
2. Accessory Digestive Organs
What does the alimentary canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Track do in the digestive system?
- Digests food and absorbs digested fragments into blood
- Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
- Approximately 30 feet longer in a cadaver, shorter in a living person
What does the accessory Digestive Organs do in the digestive system?
- Produce a variety of secretions that help break down food
- Includes the teeth, the tongue, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas
What are the six essential activities to process food in the digestive system?
Look at diagram on page 7
- Ingestion
- Mechanical breakdown
- Propulsion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
What does the ingestion do in the digestion system?
It brings food into the body
What does mechanical breakdown do in the digestive system?
In mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), small intestine (segmentation), breaks it down
What does propulsion do in the digestive system?
Swallowing (oropharynx)
Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine).
What does absorption do in the digestive system?
- Take and absorb fluid
- Includes lymph vessel and blood vessel
- In the blood vessel it is mainly H20
What does defecation do in the digestive system?
Release of feces
Poop
What is the urinary system?
-The kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the blood stream
What are the components of the urinary system?
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the 5 steps to maintaining the body’s internal environment?
- Regulating the total volume of water in the body
- Ensuring long term acid-base balance
- Excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances
- Produce molecules essential for regulating red blood cell production
- Converting vitamin D to its active form
What is the Lymphatic System?
- Circulation of access fulids
- The division of the circulatory system
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
- Acts as an “overflow” system, providing drainage or surplus tissue fluid
- Absorption and transportation of dietary fat
- Formation of a defense mechanism for the body
What are the 6 components of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic plexuses
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, tonsils)
What is widely distributed throughout the body and is not apparent on a cadaver?
The Lymphatic System
What happens when you sprain your ankle?
The ankle swells which is a second response of healing, all molecules increase in protein and you need water in that area, dilute molecules, it stays longer , too much swelling is bad, need hot/cold ice bath
What is the cardiovascular system?
It is a division of the circulatory system, responsible for blood transportation
What did the Greeks believe?
They believed the heart was the source of intelligence, while others thought it was the source of emotion
What are the two components in the cardiovascular system?
- Heart
2. Blood vessels
What is the heart in the cardiovascular system?
- Two superior atria
- Two inferior ventricles
What are the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?
- Veins-take blood to the heart
- Arteries-take blood away from the heart
- Capillaries- all nutrients are exchanged
What are the two circulatory divisions in the cardiovascular system?
- Pulmonary Circulation
2. Systemic Circulation
What is the Pulmonary circulation in the cardiovascular system?
-Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to dispose of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
What is the Systemic circulation in the cardiovascular system?
-Left side of the heart pumps blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissue
What is the direction of blood flow in the heart?
Look at page 9 in notes for the diagram of the heart
The blood starts in the Right Atrium-goes down into the Right Ventricle-up through to the the Left Atrium-and down through the Left Ventricle-and up through the red blood vessel and back out on the bottom of the heart.
What does the respiratory system supply?
Supplies oxygen to our trillions of cells, which without we can not live.
What are the two components of the respiratory system?
- Upper Respiratory Tract
2. Lower Respiratory Tract
What is the Upper Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?
- Nose
- Nasal Cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What is the Lower Respiratory Tract in respiratory system?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli
What is the respiratory system?
-It brings air in and out of our lungs
What are the four process of the respiratory system?
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- External Respiration
- Transport of Respiratory Gases
- Internal Respiration
Which two process of Respiration can not occur without help from the circulatory system?
- Transport of Respiratory Gases
2. Internal Respiration
What is internal Respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood cells and anywhere they need to go
