Biomechanics 2: Angular Kinematics and Kinetics

Question 0

What are the two processes of assessing motion in biomechanics?

Answer 0

1. Qualitative

2. Quantitative

Question 1

What is involved in biomechanics?

Answer 1

• Understand movement
• Assess movement
• Facilitate movement

Question 2

Describe qualitative in biomechanics assessing motion?

Answer 2

• Subjective assessment of movement
• Used by PT’s, AT’s, OT’s, physicians, and PA’s
• Examples:
  
  • Functional movement performance (how well)

Question 3

Describe quantitative in biomechanics assessing motion?

Answer 3

• Objective measure of movement
• Used by PT’s, AT’s, OT’s, physicians, PA’s, engineers, coaches, Ergonomists, biomechanics
• Examples:
  - Clinical measures
  - Laboratory measures(number)

Question 4

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative in biomechanics assessing motion?

Answer 4

Qualitative

• Can be performed in the field
• Cheap
• Fast

Quantitative

• mostly performed in the lab
• Expensive equipment needed
• Slower

Question 5

What is unique about quantitative analysis of motion?

Answer 5

• Gives us the ability to measure or observe characteristics of motion that cannot be seen
  - Rapid movements
  - Forces
  - Moments
  - Muscle activation

Question 6

How do we describe motion?

Answer 6

• Specific terms
• Numbers and equations
• In relationship to fixed objects
• In relationship to the coordinate system

Question 7

Name the 24 terminology’s: Language for describing human motion?

Answer 7

1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Pronation
4. Supination
5. Abduction
6. Adduction
7. Inversion
8. Eversion
9. Elevation
10. Depression
11. Medial
12. Lateral
13. Superior
14. Inferior
15. Proximal
16. Distal
17. Anterior
18. Posterior
19. Superficial
20. Deep
21. Cephalic
22. Caudal
23. Dorsal
24. Ventral

Question 8

Describe motion: relative to an object?

What is a plane?

Answer 8

With reference to fixed objects

• Theoretical planes
• A two dimensional surface defined by two or more points on the same line

Question 9

What are three anatomical planes of the body?

Answer 9

1. Frontal
2. Sagittal
3. Transfers/horizontal
   - We can describe positions with respect to these anatomical planes

Question 10

Describe motion relative to an object?

Answer 10

• Motions can be described as occurring within a plane
• A motion is said to occur within a plane when the direction of motion is parallel to the surface of the plane
• Motion of a joint takes place around an axis
  - An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates
  - Three axis of rotation

Question 11

What is frontal axis?

Answer 11

• The frontal axis passes horizontally from left to right
• Motion within the Sagittal plane occurs about the frontal-horizontal axis
• Example: running

Question 12

What is sagittal axis?

Answer 12

• The sagittal axis passes horizontally from posterior to anterior
• Motion within the frontal plane occurs about the sagittal horizontal axis
• Example: Jumping Jack

Question 13

What is vertical axis?

Answer 13

• The vertical axis passes vertically from inferior to superior
• Motion within the transverse plane occurs about the vertical axis
• Example: Pirouette

Question 14

What is the plane of motion, axis of rotation, description term, anatomical structures involved in squatting?

Answer 14

Plane of motion- Sagittal plane
Axes of Rotation- Frontal axis
Descriptive term-Flexion/extension
Anatomical structures-femur, tibia, patella, quads, glutes, etc.

Question 15

What is the plane of motion, axis of rotation, description term, anatomical structures involved in a jumping jack?

Answer 15

Plane of motion- frontal plane
Axes of Rotation- Sagittal axis
Descriptive term-Abduction/Adduction
Anatomical structures-humorous, scapula, deltoid, Latissimus, etc.

Question 16

What is the plane of motion, axis of rotation, description term, anatomical structures involved in throwing?

Answer 16

Plane of motion- diagonal
Axes of Rotation- diagonal
Descriptive term-Diagonal Adduction
Anatomical structures-UE: deltoid, pectoralis, humorous, etc.

Question 17

For running, squatting, or golfing swing, does motion only occur in one plane?

Answer 17

No!

Question 18

Describe the motion that occurs while running?

Answer 18

Running

 - At mid stance hip will move into hip internal rotation and adduction, tibia can internally rotate, and foot can evert
  - muscles work every step to resist these movements

Question 19

Describe the motions that occur while squatting?

Answer 19

-During squat decent muscles will be working to prevent knee abduction

Question 20

Describe motion in a coordinate system?

Answer 20

• Locating the body in space

- We use 3-D motion analysis, and establish a coordinate system to identify a body in space

Question 21

Describe motion in a coordinate system?

Answer 21

Coordinates can be used to determine:

• Position of a segment
• Size of a segment
• Displacement of a segment
• Velocity of a segment
• Slope of a segment
• Angle between two segments

Question 22

Name two types of angles?

Answer 22

1. Absolute angle

2. Relative angle

Question 23

Describe absolute angle?

Answer 23

• A.K.A. segment angle
• The angle between the segment and the right horizontal of the distal end
• Should be consistently measured in the same direction from a single reference-either horizontal or vertical

Question 24

Describe relative angle?

Answer 24

• A.K.A. Joint angle
• Angle between the longitudinal axis of two adjacent segment
• Should be measured consistently on same side joint straight fully extended position is generally defined as 0 degrees

Question 25

What 3 tools are used for measuring relative angles?

Answer 25

1. Goniometers
2. Inclinometer
3. Electrogonimeters