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KINE Exam #2 Review > Articular System > Flashcards

Articular System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two fundamental functions of Articulations?

A
  1. Mobility

2. Support

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1
Q

What are Articulations?

A
  • They are joints
  • Where two or more bones come together
  • The joint is the weakest part of the skeleton
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2
Q

What are the two ways joints are classified?

A
  1. Functional Classification

2. Structural Classification

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3
Q

What is the functional classification of joints based on?

A

-Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint

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4
Q

What are the three categories in functional classification of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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5
Q

What is a Synarthroses and what classification of joints is it under?

A
  • Immovable joints

- Functional classification

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6
Q

What is a Amphiarthroses and what classification of joints is it under?

A
  • Slightly moveable joints

- Functional Classification

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7
Q

What is a Diarthroses and what classification of joints is it under?

A
  • Freely moveable joints

- Functional Classification

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8
Q

What are the most common joints in the body?

A

Diarthrotic joints

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9
Q

Where are the Synarthrotic and Amphiarthrotic largely found?

A

Found in the Axial skeleton

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10
Q

What is the Functional Classification?

A
  • Based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint
  • Three categories
    1. Synarthroses: Immoveable joints
    2. Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable joints
    3. Diarthroses: Freely moveable joints
  • Diarthrotic joints are the most common in the body
  • Synarthrotic and Amphiarthrotic are largely found in the axial skeleton
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11
Q

What is the structural classification of joints based on?

A

-Based on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present.

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12
Q

What are the three categories in the structural classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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13
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Bones joined together by fibrous tissue are primarily dense connective tissue.
  • No joint cavity
  • Immoveable or Slightly moveable
  • The amount of movement is based on the length of the connective tissue fibers connecting the bones
  • There are three types of fibrous joints
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14
Q

What are the three different types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures Joint
  2. Syndesmosis Joint
  3. Gomphoses Joint
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15
Q

What are Sutures, what type of joint is it categorized under, and what classification of joints is it filed under?
Look at diagram on page 3 if needed

A

-“Seams” between the bones of the skull
-Wavy articulating bones for interlocking
-Immovable otherwise movement could damage the brain
-The only movement is to allow for skull to grow
Categorized under Fibrous Joints
Classified under the Structural Classification

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16
Q

What are Syndesmosis Joint, what type of joint is it categorized under, and what classification of joints is it filed under?
Look at diagram on page 4 if needed

A

-Bones connected exclusively by ligaments
-Connecting fibers are longer than sutures, but vary in length
-At the distal end of the tibia and fibula are short, thus little to no movement
-In between the ulna and radius fibers are long, thus a large amount of movement is possible
Categorized under Fibrous Joints
Classified under the Structural Classification

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17
Q

What are Gomphoses Joint, what type of joint is it categorized under, and what classification of joints is it filed under?
Look at diagram on page 4 if needed

A

-A peg-in-socket fibrous joint
-Articulation between the tooth and the bony alveolar socket
-Fibers are short, thus Immoveable
Categorized under Fibrous Joints
Classified under the Structural Classification

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18
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Bones are joined together by cartilage
  • No joint cavity
  • Slightly moveable
  • two types of cartilaginous joints
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19
Q

What are the two types of Cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondroses Joints

2. Symphyses Joints

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20
Q

What are Synchondroses Joints, what type of joint is it categorized under, and what classification of joints is it filed under?
Look at diagram on page 5 if needed

A
  • Bones united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
  • Immovable
  • Examples:
    - Epiphyseal plates (aka growth plates)
    - Joint between coastal cartilage of the first rib and manubrium of sternum
  • Categorized under Cartilaginous Joints
  • Classified under the Structural Classification
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21
Q

What are Symphyses Joints, what type of joint is it categorized under, and what classification of joints is it filed under?
Look at diagram on page 6 if needed

A
  • Bones united fibrocartilage
  • Fibrocartilage is compressible and resilient
  • Acts as a shock absorber and permits slight movement
  • Examples:
    - Intervertebral joints
    - Pubic symphysis of the pelvis
  • Categorized under Cartilaginous Joints
  • Classified under the Structural Classification
22
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

Look at page 6 for diagram

A
  • Bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity
  • Free movement
  • Nearly all joints are synovial
  • There are 6 distinguishing features
    1. Joint cavity
    2. Synovial fluid
    3. Articular capsule
    4. Articular cartilage
    5. Reinforcing ligaments
    6. Nerves and blood vessels
23
Q

What are the 6 distinguishing features of Synovial joints?

A
  1. Joint cavity
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
24
Q

What are 6 different types of Synovial Joints?

A
  1. Plantar/gliding joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Pivot joint
  4. Condyloid joint
  5. Saddle joint
  6. Ball and socket joint
25
Q

What is Plantar/Gliding joints?

A
  • Two relatively flat Articular surfaces glide/side across one another
  • Only Gliding Allowed
    - Least moveable of synovial joints
  • Examples:
    - Intercarpal Joints
    - Intertarsal Joints
    - Acromioclavicular joint
26
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A
  • Involves a concave and convex surface
  • Permit angular motion in a single plane (uniaxial)
    - Flexion/Extension only
  • Example:
    - Knee
    - Elbow
27
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

Look at diagram on page 8 of notes

A
  • Aka Ellipsoid joint
  • An oval Articular surface of one bone articulates with elliptical surface of another bone
  • Motion occurs in two planes
  • Examples:
    • Fingers
    • Toes
    • Atlantooccipital Joint
28
Q

What is a pivot joint?

Look at diagram on page 9 in notes

A
  • A cylindrical bone rotates inside a ring shaped bone
  • Moniaxial
    - Only permits rotation
  • Examples:
    - Atlantoaxial Joint
    - Radioulnar Joint
29
Q

What is the saddle joint?

Look at the diagram on page 9 of notes

A
  • Articulating surfaces fit together like a rider on a saddle
  • One surface is concave and the other convex
  • Example:
    - Carpometacarpal joint
    - Allows for opposition of the thumb
30
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

Look at the diagram on page 10 of the notes

A
  • A round/spherical bone end articulates with a cup shaped cavity/depression of another bone
  • Movements in all planes
  • All movements can be performed, including circumduction
  • Examples:
    - Hip
    - Shoulder
31
Q

What are the movements at the synovial joints?

There are 17 movements

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Abduction
  4. Addiction
  5. Internal/Medial Rotation
  6. External/Lateral Rotation
  7. Supination
  8. Pronation
  9. Inversion
  10. Eversion
  11. Plantarflexion
  12. Dorsiflexion
  13. Protraction
  14. Retraction
  15. Elevation
  16. Depression
  17. Circumduction
32
Q

What is flexion movement at the synovial joint?

A

Bending of a joint bringing two bones closer together

33
Q

What is extension movement at the synovial joint?

A

Straightening of a joint, moving two bones farther away from each other

34
Q

What is abduction movement at the synovial joint?

A

Moving a limb laterally away from midline

35
Q

What is adduction movement at the synovial joint?

A

Moving of a limb medically toward the midline

36
Q

What is Internal/Medial Rotation movement at the synovial joint?

A

Rotation/turning a limb towards the midline

37
Q

What is External/Lateral Rotation movement at the synovial joint?

A

Rotating/turning a limb away from the midline

38
Q

What is supination movement at the synovial joint?

A

Turning upward of the forearm or foot

39
Q

What is pronation movement at the synovial joint?

A

Turning downward of the forearm or foot

40
Q

What is inversion movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement of the sole of the foot toward the midline

41
Q

What is eversion movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement of the soul of the foot away from the midline

42
Q

What is plantarflexion movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement at the ankle to point the toes downward

43
Q

What is dorsiflexion movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement at the ankle to point the toes upward; pull toes toward the nose

44
Q

What is protraction movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement anteriorly; protrude

An example is: Punching

45
Q

What is retraction movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement posteriorly; retract

An example of this is jaw bone, head, & shoulder

46
Q

What is elevation movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement superiorly

An example of this is shrugging shoulders and your jaw

47
Q

What is depression movement at the synovial joint?

A

Movement inferiorly

An example of this is pulling shoulders down also gravity pulling the shoulders down

48
Q

What is circumduction movement at the synovial joint?

A

A combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

An example of this is circling your arms

49
Q

What is three types of joint injuries?

A
  1. Sprains
  2. Dislocations
  3. Cartilages tears
50
Q

What is a sprain?

A
  • Reinforcing ligaments are torn
  • Commonly occur in the ankle, knee and elbow
  • Partially torn ligaments will repair themselves, but heal slowly as they are poorly vascularized
  • When completely torn surgery is recommended
51
Q

What is a dislocation?

A
  • Occurs when bones are forced out of the alignment
  • Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and immobility
  • Commonly occurs in the fingers, thumb, and shoulder
52
Q

What are cartilage tears?

A
  • Example: Tearing of the knee Menisci
  • Typically occur when compression and shear forces occur at the same time
  • Does not have sufficient nourishment to repair itself
  • It is recommended to get a menisci repair and not ameniscotomy

KINE Exam #2 Review (6 decks)

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