Skeletal System Flashcards
To understand and revise
What is the anatomical position?
The standard reference position used from which all other movements occur.
What are the three planes of the body?
Sagittal Plane, Transverse Plane, and Coronal Plane.
What does the Sagittal Plane do?
Divides the body into left and right sections.
What does the Coronal Plane do?
Divides the body into front and back sections.
What does the Transverse Plane do?
Divides the body into top and bottom sections.
What does ‘Posterior’ refer to?
Part of the Coronal plane; is behind the reference point.
What does ‘Anterior’ refer to?
In front of the reference point; part of the Coronal plane.
What does ‘Superior’ refer to?
Part of the Transverse plane; is above the reference point.
What does ‘Inferior’ refer to?
Part of the Transverse plane; is below the reference point.
What does ‘Medial’ refer to?
Part of the Sagittal plane; closer towards the midline structure.
What does ‘Lateral’ refer to?
Part of the Sagittal plane; further away from the midline structure.
What does ‘Proximal’ mean?
Nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.
What does ‘Distal’ mean?
Further away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.
What does ‘Superficial’ mean?
Closer towards the surface of a structure.
What does ‘Deep’ mean?
Further away from the surface of a structure.
What are the types of muscles?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth.
What is the structure of Skeletal Muscle?
Links two bones across a connecting joint, has a striped appearance, moves the skeleton (voluntary control), and is attached to bones via tendons.
What are the types of twitch muscle fibers?
Fast twitch muscle fibers (white) and Slow twitch muscle fibers (red).
What is Reciprocal Inhibition?
Two muscles that work together; one muscle will relax so the other can contract.
Give an example of Reciprocal Inhibition.
When you curl your bicep, your triceps must relax so the bicep can contract.
What is the Origin tendon?
Attached to the stationary bone and is usually at the proximal end.
What is the Insertion tendon?
Attached to the movable bone and is usually at the distal end.
How do muscles produce movement?
By contracting and pulling.
How does Reciprocal Inhibition work?
When the first muscle (agonist) contracts, the second muscle (antagonist) will relax.
What is a Tendon?
Joins the muscle to the bone.
What is the Epimysium?
Connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle.
What is the Perimysium?
Connective tissue surrounding each fascicle.
What is a Fascicle?
Bundle of muscle fibers surrounding each individual muscle fiber.
What is the Endomysium?
Connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber.
What is a Muscle Fiber?
Muscle cell made up of hundreds of myofibrils.
What are Myofibrils?
Small thread-like strands that run the length of each muscle fiber; made up of sarcomeres.
What are Sarcomeres?
Highly organized structure of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) protein filaments; joined end to end.
What is the Cranium?
Skull.
What is the Clavicle?
Collarbone.
What is the Scapula?
Shoulder blade.
What is the Sternum?
Breast bone.
What is the Humerus?
Upper arm bone.
What is the Radius?
Forearm bone (thumb side).
What is the Ulna?
Forearm bone (pinky side).
What are Carpals?
Wrist bones.
What are Metacarpals?
Hand bones.
What are Phalanges?
Finger bones.
What is the Pelvis?
Hip bones.
What are Vertebrae?
Spinal bones.
What is the Patella?
Kneecap.
What is the Tibia?
Shin bone.
What is the Fibula?
Calf bone.
What are Tarsals?
Ankle bones.
What are Metatarsals?
Foot bones.
What are Synovial Joints?
Most common joints in the body; contain synovial fluid which eases movement and lubricates the joint.
What is a Hinge joint?
Permits movement in one direction like a door hinge (e.g., elbow, knee).
What is a Ball and socket joint?
Allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
What is a Pivot joint?
Allows rotation around a single axis (e.g., joint between the atlas and axis in the neck).
What is a Condyloid joint?
Enables movement in two planes but no rotation (e.g., wrist joint).
What is a Saddle joint?
Permits movement in two directions and provides more stability (e.g., thumb joint).
What is a Gliding joint?
Allows bones to slide over one another with limited movement (e.g., joints between carpals in the wrist).
What are Fibrous joints?
No movement; bones are connected by connective tissue.
What are Cartilaginous joints?
Limited movement; bones are connected by cartilage.
What is the Axial skeleton?
Forms the base central structure to support and protect the remainder of the skeleton.
What is the Appendicular skeleton?
Assists with movement and includes all major limbs.
What is the support function of bones?
Provides framework and support for the body and gives it shape.
What is the protection function of bones?
Protects vital organs e.g. the skull.
What is the movement function of bones?
Provides attachment points; when the muscle contracts, the bone inserts, and it moves.
What is the storage function of bones?
Responsible for storing essential minerals such as calcium.
What is the production function of bones?
Produces red blood cells in the bone marrow.
What are Long bones?
Have a greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength.
What are Short bones?
Roughly cubed-shaped and have approximately equal length and width.
What are Flat bones?
Have a thin structure and provide mechanical protection and extensive surfaces for muscle attachments.
What are Irregular bones?
Have complicated shapes; their shapes are due to the functions they fulfill within the body.
What is Flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two bones.
What is Extension?
Increasing the angle between two bones.
What is Abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body.
What is Adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body.
What is Pronation?
Turning the palm downwards (radius and ulna are crossed).
What is Supination?
Turning the palm upwards (radius and ulna are parallel).
What is Eversion?
Turning the sole of your foot outwards at an angle.
What is Inversion?
Turning the sole of your foot inwards at the ankle.
What is Dorsiflexion?
Pointing the toes upwards towards the tibia.
What is Plantarflexion?
Pointing the toes away from the tibia.
What is Rotation?
The movement of bones around a central axis.
What is Circumduction?
A cone-shaped rotation around a pivot joint.
What is the Femur?
Thigh bone.
