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Structure & Function of the Body > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the Skeletal System?

A

Bones

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2
Q

What are the 5 major functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage (calcium)
  • Hematopoiesis (form blood cells)
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3
Q

What are the 5 categories of bones in the skeleton?

A

^ Long Bones - Humerus, Arm bone
^ Short Bones - Carpals, Wrist bones
^ Flat Bones - Frontal, Skull
^ Irregular Bones - Vertebrae, Spinal bones
^ Sesamoid - round; Patella (Kneecap)

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4
Q

What are the major features of a long bone?How does the typical flat bone differ?

A

Long Bone; Diaphysis (hollow tube of hard compact bone);
Medullary cavity (hollow area in the bone containing yellow bone marrow);
Epiphyses (end of bones; contains red bone marrow);
Articular Cartilage (thin layer covering epiphysis; cushions joints);
Periosteum (strong fibrous membrane covering long bone);
Endosteum (thin membrane lining medullary cavity).
Longer than they are wide.

Flat bones have a simpler structure than long bones. Thin, often curved. They are more like a layered sandwich with spongy bone in the middle.
compact bone - Cancellous bone (diploe) - Compact bone

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5
Q

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue called?

A

Osteon

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6
Q

What are the primary structures of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis (shaft): Hollow tube made of hard, compact bone
Medullary cavity: Hollow area in the diaphysis; contains soft yellow bone marrow
Epiphysis: End of the bone
Articular cartilage: Thin layer of cartilage covering epiphysis
Periosteum: Strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
Endosteum: Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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7
Q

What are osteocytes? Where would you find them in bone tissue?

A

Osteocytes are living bone cells.
Found between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae (in the lacunae)

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8
Q

How does cartilage differ from bone?

A

Cartilage fibers are embedded in a firm gel not a calcified cement substance like in bone.

Cartilage = flexible, lacks blood vessels, rebuilds itself very slowly
Bone = Stiff, make blood in bones,

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9
Q

What is ossification?
What is the role of the osteoblasts?

A

Ossification is a bone being formed in cartilage.

Osteoblasts are bone forming cells

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10
Q

What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial = Bones in the CENTRE axis of the body (skull, spine, thorax and hyoid bone)
Appendicular = Bones of the UPPER and LOWER extremities (or APPENDAGES) (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, hands, hip, pelvic, legs, ankles, and feet)

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11
Q

What is a suture? A fontanel? A sinus?

A

Sutures - immovable joints

Fontanel - Soft Spots (area where ossification remains incomplete at birth)

Sinuses - spaces behind some of the cranial bones

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12
Q

What are the 3 major categories of vertebrae? How many bones are in each section?

A
  1. Cervical = 7 bones
  2. Thoracic = 12 bones
  3. Lumbar = 5 bones
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13
Q

How is a false rib different from a true rib?

A

True Ribs are attached to the sternum with costal cartilage whereas False Ribs are attached directly to the cartilage of the 7th rib.

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14
Q

Name the spinal curves in the concave curvature and the spinal curves in the convex curvatures of the body.

A

Concave Curvatures = Cervical and Lumbar

Convex Curvatures = Thoracic and Sacral

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15
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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16
Q

Name 8 bones of the upper extremities & 8 bones of the lower extremities.

A

Upper - Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

Lower - Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Calcaneus, Phalanges,

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17
Q

What are the phalanges?
Why are these two different sets of phalanges?

A

Small bones in the fingers and toes
Fingers and Toes are not the same so there is 2.

18
Q

What are metacarpal bones?
How do they differ from metatarsal bones?

A

Metacarpals are framework of the hand.
MetaTARSALS form part of the foot that the phalanges attach to.

19
Q

How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?

A

Female Pelvis - Broad and Shallow, Generally wider
Male Pelvis - Deep and Narrow

20
Q

What are the three major types of joints in the skeleton?
Give an example of each.

A

Synarthrosis - Sutures of the Skull (Bone to Bone between)

Amphiarthrosis - Symphysis Pubis (cartilage between bones)

Diarthrosis - Arms, Legs, Fingers (joint capsules between bones)

21
Q

What is the degree of movement for each of the 3 major types of joints in the skeleton?

A

Synarthrosis - NO MOVEMENT

Amphiarthrosis - SLIGHT MOVEMENT

Diarthrosis - FREE MOVEMENT

22
Q

What membrane in a diarthrotic joint provides lubrication for movement?

A

Synovial membrane

23
Q

What is a ligament?

A
  • Cords or bands made of strong fibrous connective tissue at a joint capsule
  • Grow out of the periosteum
  • Join the two bones together firmly
24
Q

What is meant by “flexing” the elbow?
Extending the elbow?

A

Flexing is bending a joint
Extending is straightening it out

25
Q

List & briefly explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Supports and gives shape to the body
  2. Protects internal organs
  3. Helps make movements possible when bones at moveable joints are pulled by muscles
  4. Storage of vital substances
    a. Calcium—hormones regulate calcium storage: CT increases storage and PTH reduces stores of calcium
    b. Fat—stored in cavities of some bones
  5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation in red bone marrow
26
Q

List the main structures found in a typical bone.

A
  1. Diaphysis or shaft—hollow tube of hard compact bone
  2. Medullary cavity—hollow area inside diaphysis that contains yellow marrow
  3. Epiphyses, or ends of the bone—spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
  4. Articular cartilage—covers epiphyses and functions as a cushion
  5. Periosteum—strong membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces
  6. Endosteum—thin membrane lining medullary cavity
27
Q

Describe the structure of the osteon.

A

An osteon is composed of calcified structure arranged in multiple layers or rings called concentric lamellae.

28
Q

Describe the structure of cartilage.

A

Gel-like and lacks blood vessels

29
Q

Explain briefly the process of endochondral ossification and include the function of osteoblasts & osteoclasts.

A

Ossification is the maturing of a bone, where osteoblasts overtake cartilage forming a hollow bone. Osteoclasts

30
Q

Explain the importance of epiphyseal plate.

A

Epiphyseal plate helps physicians understand the stage of growth a child is at and whether it has stopped growing completely. They view this by the level that has transformed into bone from epiphyseal cartilage.

31
Q

List the bones that are included in the axial skeleton & the bones included in the appendicular skeleton.

A

Axial - Frontal Bone, Nasal bone, Zygomatic bone, Maxilla, Mandible, Sternum, Spine (vertebrae), Cranial, Ribs, Sacrum, Coccyx

Appendicular - Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Ilium, Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Calcaneus

32
Q

The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections based on location. Name these sections & give the # of vertebrae in each section.

A

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 (FUSED)
Coccyx - 4 (FUSED)

33
Q

Distinguish between true, false & floating ribs and list how many ribs are in each category.

A

TRUE ribs are attached to the sternum. Pairs 1-7 (14 in total)

FALSE ribs attach to the cartilage of rib 7. Pairs 8, 9, &10 (6 in total)

FLOATING ribs do not attach to any cartilage and seem to “float”. Pairs 11 & 12 (4 in total)

34
Q

Describe and give an example of a synarthrotic joint.

A

Non-moving joints
Cranial bones

35
Q

Describe & give an example of an amphiarthrotic join.

A

Move only slightly.
Pelvis
Vertebral disk

36
Q

Describe & give an example of four types of diarthrotic joints.

A

Fully moveable.
1. Hinge Joint - Elbow joint
2. Pivot Joint - Head/neck joint
3. Saddle Joint - joint at the thumb
4. Condyloid Joint - Wrist joint
5. Ball-and-Socket Joint - Shoulder joint or Hip joint
6. Gliding Joint - Between vertebrae

37
Q

Briefly describe a joint capsule.

A

It’s the strongest and TOUGHEST MATERIAL with a SLIPPERY MEMBRANE fitting over the end of a bone like a sleeve. HOLDS the bones TOGETHER but PROVIDES MOVEMENT.

38
Q

When a patient receives a bone marrow transplant, what vital process is being restored?

A

Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation in red bone marrow

39
Q

Explain how the canaliculi allow bone to heal more efficiently than cartilage.

A

Canaliculi have many blood vessels which allow nutrients and oxygen to reach the bone cells (osteocytes), that transform into osteoblasts and create new bone.

Cartilage does not have this.

40
Q

What effect does the task of childbearing have on the differences between the male and female skeleton?

A

The pelvic bone is a wider in size in females

41
Q

Explain how the anatomy of the elbow is a good example of how “structure fits function”.

A

The structure of the elbow bones and cartilage allow it to perform its main function of bending and stretching the arm

Structure & Function of the Body (13 decks)

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