Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What the functions of the atria and ventricles of the heart?
Atria - receiving chambers of the heart
Ventricles - discharging chambers of the heart
What coverings does the heart have?
What is the heart’s lining called?
Pericardium is two layers of fibrous tissue with a small space in between.
Endocardium is the lining
What are systole and diastole of the heart?
Systole = CONTRACTION of atria and ventricles
Diastole = RELAXATION of atria and ventricles
What are the two major “circulations” of the body?
Pulmonary & Systemic circulation
What are the auricles of the heart?
The auricles are earlike outpouchings that are formed by the atria.
What structure is the natural “pacemaker” of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
What information is in an ECG?
Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity
What is heart block?
impulses are blocked from ventricles, resulting in ventricles beating a slower rate than normal
What are the two main factors that affect cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume
If a person’s heart rate increases, what may happen to the cardiac output?
Higher cardiac output
If a person bleeds excessively, what effect would that have on cardiac output?
Decreases cardiac output
( Bleeding may reduce total blood volume, which decreases stroke volume)
What are the two main types of blood vessels in the body?
How are they different?
Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
Veins (carry blood to the heart)
Describe the three major layers of a large blood vessel?
Tunica externa (outer layer of connective tissue fibers);
Tunica media (smooth muscle tissue in the middle);
Tunica intima (endothelial cells lining the arteries and veins)
What are capillaries?
What is their role in the body?
- Fine branching blood vessels
- Capillaries exchange substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.
How do systemic and pulmonary circulations differ?
Systemic circulation - blood from left ventricle of the heart through the aorta and other arteries to all parts of the body.
Pulmonary circulation - blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to lung arterioles and capillaries. After the exchange of gases, blood is returned to the left atrium of the heart.
What is the hepatic portal circulation?
Route of blood flow through liver
How is fetal circulation different from circulation after birth?
The circulation in a fetus includes three structures that close at birth. The first structure is the ductus venosus (allows most of the blood to bypass the immature liver of the developing baby and empty directly into the inferior vena cava). The other two structures allow most of the blood to bypass the developing lungs: The foramen ovale (shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium) and the ductus arteriosus (connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery).
How does the blood pressure gradient explain blood flow?
When blood pressure gradient is present, the blood circulates;
When a blood pressure gradient is not present, blood does NOT circulate.
Name four factors that influence blood pressure.
1 - Blood volume
2 - strength of each heart contraction
3 - heart rate
4 - the thickness of the blood
Does a person’s blood pressure stay the same all the time?
No
Where are the places on the body that you can likely feel your pulse?
Temporal artery
Carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis
- Describe the heart and its position in the body
The heart is a muscular organ in the middle of the chest, slightly left of the breastbone, and between the lungs
- Name the four chambers of the heart.
Left Atrium, Right Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle
- Describe the myocardium and the endocardium.
Pericardium - two layered fibrous sac w/ lubricated space between the two layers
Endocardium - smooth lining of heart chambers
- Describe the 2 layers of the pericardium. What is the function of pericardial fluid?
visceral pericardium or epicardium - inner layer, covers heart like an apple skin
parietal pericardium - outer layer, like a loose-fitting sack, allows enough room for the heart to beat
pericardial fluid provides lubrication between the heart and its surrounding sac (parietal pericardium).
- Define systole and diastole.
Systole is the contraction of heart
Diastole is relaxation of the heart
- Name and give the location of the four heart valves.
Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve) - between the LEFT atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid Valve - between the RIGHT atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary SL Valve - at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
Aortic SL Valve - at the beginning of the aorta and the left ventricle
– (SL) Semilunar Valve - between each ventricular chamber and its large artery –
- Trace the flow of blood from the superior vena cava to the aorta.
Superior vena cava → Right Atrium→ Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs →
Pulmonary Veins → Left atrium → mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta
- Describe angina pectoris.
describes the severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of adequate oxygen
- What is the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output?
Cardiac Output - amount of blood from 1 ventricle can pump PER MINUTE
Stroke Volume - Volume of blood from 1 ventricle with EACH BEAT
- Trace the path and name the structures involved in the conduction system of the heart.
- Sinoatrial node, which is sometimes called the SA node or the pacemaker
- Atrioventricular node, or AV node
- AV bundle, or bundle of His
- Subendocardial branches, also called Purkinje fibers
- What are the features of a normal ECG?
- What are 3 main types of blood vessels in the body?
Describe them.
Arteries - Carry blood away from heart towards capillaries
Veins - Carry blood towards the heart and away from capillaries
Capillaries - Carry blood from the arterioles to the venules
- What are the 3 tissue layers that make up arteries and veins?
Tunica Intima - Inner layer (endothelial cells)
Tunica Media - Middle (smooth muscle, some elastic tissue)
Tunica Externa - Outer layer (fibrous connective elastic tissue)
- Name and briefly explain the 4 factors that influence blood pressure.
- Blood Volume - Larger volume the more pressure is exerted on vessel wall
- Strength of heart contractions - affect cardiac output; stronger heartbeat increases pressure; weaker beat decreases it
- Heart Rate - increased rate increases pressure; decreased rate decreases pressure
- Blood Viscosity (thickness) - Less-than-normal viscosity decreases pressure; greater-than-normal viscosity increases pressure
- List the 5 mechanisms that keep the venous blood moving toward the right atrium.
1 - Strong beating heart
2 - Adequate blood pressure
3 - Valves in the veins - no back flow
4 - Pumping action of skeletal muscles - contracting squeezes vein don’t let it go down and goes up to heart
5 - Changing pressure in the chest cavity caused by breathing
- Name 4 locations in the body where the pulse can be felt.
1) Wrist
2) Neck
3) Ankle
4) Groin
5) Behind Knee
6) Antecubital area
7) Tempal
8) Jaw
9) Armpit
