Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What the functions of the atria and ventricles of the heart?

Answer 1

Atria - receiving chambers of the heart
Ventricles - discharging chambers of the heart

Question 2

What coverings does the heart have?
What is the heart’s lining called?

Answer 2

Pericardium is two layers of fibrous tissue with a small space in between.
Endocardium is the lining

Question 3

What are systole and diastole of the heart?

Answer 3

Systole = CONTRACTION of atria and ventricles

Diastole = RELAXATION of atria and ventricles

Question 4

What are the two major “circulations” of the body?

Answer 4

Pulmonary & Systemic circulation

Question 5

What are the auricles of the heart?

Answer 5

The auricles are earlike outpouchings that are formed by the atria.

Question 6

What structure is the natural “pacemaker” of the heart?

Answer 6

Sinoatrial node

Question 7

What information is in an ECG?

Answer 7

Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity

Question 8

What is heart block?

Answer 8

impulses are blocked from ventricles, resulting in ventricles beating a slower rate than normal

Question 9

What are the two main factors that affect cardiac output?

Answer 9

Heart rate and stroke volume

Question 10

If a person’s heart rate increases, what may happen to the cardiac output?

Answer 10

Higher cardiac output

Question 11

If a person bleeds excessively, what effect would that have on cardiac output?

Answer 11

Decreases cardiac output

( Bleeding may reduce total blood volume, which decreases stroke volume)

Question 12

What are the two main types of blood vessels in the body?
How are they different?

Answer 12

Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
Veins (carry blood to the heart)

Question 13

Describe the three major layers of a large blood vessel?

Answer 13

Tunica externa (outer layer of connective tissue fibers);
Tunica media (smooth muscle tissue in the middle);
Tunica intima (endothelial cells lining the arteries and veins)

Question 14

What are capillaries?
What is their role in the body?

Answer 14

• Fine branching blood vessels
• Capillaries exchange substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Question 15

How do systemic and pulmonary circulations differ?

Answer 15

Systemic circulation - blood from left ventricle of the heart through the aorta and other arteries to all parts of the body.

Pulmonary circulation - blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to lung arterioles and capillaries. After the exchange of gases, blood is returned to the left atrium of the heart.

Question 16

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

Answer 16

Route of blood flow through liver

Question 17

How is fetal circulation different from circulation after birth?

Answer 17

The circulation in a fetus includes three structures that close at birth. The first structure is the ductus venosus (allows most of the blood to bypass the immature liver of the developing baby and empty directly into the inferior vena cava). The other two structures allow most of the blood to bypass the developing lungs: The foramen ovale (shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium) and the ductus arteriosus (connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery).

Question 18

How does the blood pressure gradient explain blood flow?

Answer 18

When blood pressure gradient is present, the blood circulates;

When a blood pressure gradient is not present, blood does NOT circulate.

Question 19

Name four factors that influence blood pressure.

Answer 19

1 - Blood volume
2 - strength of each heart contraction
3 - heart rate
4 - the thickness of the blood

Question 20

Does a person’s blood pressure stay the same all the time?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Where are the places on the body that you can likely feel your pulse?

Answer 21

Temporal artery
Carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Dorsalis pedis

Question 22

1. Describe the heart and its position in the body

Answer 22

The heart is a muscular organ in the middle of the chest, slightly left of the breastbone, and between the lungs

Question 23

2. Name the four chambers of the heart.

Answer 23

Left Atrium, Right Atrium, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle

Question 24

3. Describe the myocardium and the endocardium.

Answer 24

Pericardium - two layered fibrous sac w/ lubricated space between the two layers

Endocardium - smooth lining of heart chambers

Question 25

4. Describe the 2 layers of the pericardium. What is the function of pericardial fluid?

Answer 25

visceral pericardium or epicardium - inner layer, covers heart like an apple skin parietal pericardium - outer layer, like a loose-fitting sack, allows enough room for the heart to beat pericardial fluid provides lubrication between the heart and its surrounding sac (parietal pericardium).

Question 26

5. Define systole and diastole.

Answer 26

Systole is the contraction of heart Diastole is relaxation of the heart

Question 27

6. Name and give the location of the four heart valves.

Answer 27

Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve) - between the LEFT atrium and ventricle Tricuspid Valve - between the RIGHT atrium and ventricle Pulmonary SL Valve - at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle Aortic SL Valve - at the beginning of the aorta and the left ventricle -- (SL) Semilunar Valve - between each ventricular chamber and its large artery --

Question 28

7. Trace the flow of blood from the superior vena cava to the aorta.

Answer 28

Superior vena cava → Right Atrium→ Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left atrium → mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta

Question 29

8. Describe angina pectoris.

Answer 29

describes the severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of adequate oxygen

Question 30

9. What is the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output?

Answer 30

Cardiac Output - amount of blood from 1 ventricle can pump PER MINUTE Stroke Volume - Volume of blood from 1 ventricle with EACH BEAT

Question 31

10. Trace the path and name the structures involved in the conduction system of the heart.

Answer 31

1. Sinoatrial node, which is sometimes called the SA node or the pacemaker 2. Atrioventricular node, or AV node 3. AV bundle, or bundle of His 4. Subendocardial branches, also called Purkinje fibers

Question 32

11. What are the features of a normal ECG?

Question 33

12. What are 3 main types of blood vessels in the body? Describe them.

Answer 33

Arteries - Carry blood away from heart towards capillaries Veins - Carry blood towards the heart and away from capillaries Capillaries - Carry blood from the arterioles to the venules

Question 34

13. What are the 3 tissue layers that make up arteries and veins?

Answer 34

Tunica Intima - Inner layer (endothelial cells) Tunica Media - Middle (smooth muscle, some elastic tissue) Tunica Externa - Outer layer (fibrous connective elastic tissue)

Question 35

15. Name and briefly explain the 4 factors that influence blood pressure.

Answer 35

1. Blood Volume - Larger volume the more pressure is exerted on vessel wall 2. Strength of heart contractions - affect cardiac output; stronger heartbeat increases pressure; weaker beat decreases it 3. Heart Rate - increased rate increases pressure; decreased rate decreases pressure 4. Blood Viscosity (thickness) - Less-than-normal viscosity decreases pressure; greater-than-normal viscosity increases pressure

Question 36

16. List the 5 mechanisms that keep the venous blood moving toward the right atrium.

Answer 36

1 - Strong beating heart 2 - Adequate blood pressure 3 - Valves in the veins - no back flow 4 - Pumping action of skeletal muscles - contracting squeezes vein don't let it go down and goes up to heart 5 - Changing pressure in the chest cavity caused by breathing

Question 37

17. Name 4 locations in the body where the pulse can be felt.

Answer 37

1) Wrist 2) Neck 3) Ankle 4) Groin 5) Behind Knee 6) Antecubital area 7) Tempal 8) Jaw 9) Armpit