Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

A hollow, irregular tube that opens at both ends, taking in food and excreting the waste

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2
Q

What kinds of processing does food undergo in the body?

A

Digestion, absorption, and metabolism

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3
Q

Describe the layers of the digestive tract’s wall.

A

Mucosa (tough, stratified, abrasion-resistant epithelium)

Submucosa (connective tissue that contains many blood vessels and nerves)

Muscularis (two layers of muscle tissue that controls peristalsis)

Serosa (outermost covering)

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4
Q

What is the Uvula?
What function does it perform?

A

Uvula - cone-shaped structure that hangs down from center of the soft palate.
- prevents food or liquid from entering nasal cavities above the mouth.

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5
Q

What are the four major types of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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6
Q

What digestive enzyme is found in saliva?

A

Salivary amylase

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7
Q

What role do the pharynx and esophagus play in the digestive tract?

A
  • Located behind the nasal cavities & mouth.
  • Allows food to pass from oral cavity to esophagus.
  • Esophagus is a tube that connects pharynx to stomach.
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8
Q

What are the sphincters at each end of the esophagus and what function do they serve in the body?

A

Upper esophageal Sphincter (UES) - helps prevent air from entering during respiration

Lower esophageal Sphincter/Cardiac Sphincter (LES) - prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents

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9
Q

What is chyme?

A

Semisolid mixture that food is broken down into in stomach.

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10
Q

How does the pyloric sphincter muscle help the stomach perform its digestive function?

A

Sphincter muscles assist holding food in place where it should be at any given time.

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11
Q

What are the main divisions of the stomach?

A

Fundus, body, and pylorus

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12
Q

What are the main divisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum &
Ileum

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13
Q

What is bile and where does it come from?

A

a substance that assists in breaking down or emulsifying fats.

Secreted from the Liver

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14
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A
  • Concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver.
  • Secretes bile into small intestines once food enters the duodenum.
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15
Q

Why is the pancreas considered both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Exocrine gland - secretes pancreatic juice into ducts

Endocrine gland - secretes hormones into the blood.

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16
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A
  • Completes digestion & absorption of certain nutrients
  • Produces vitamin K & some of the B complex vitamins
17
Q

Name the divisions of the large intestine.

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

18
Q

What is the function of the appendix and where is it located in the body?

A
  • Serves as a “breeding ground” for the non-pathogenic intestinal bacteria found throughout the colon.
  • Maintaining a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent pathogenic bacteria from becoming established.
  • The appendix is attached to back of cecum & located in right lower quadrant of abdomen about 1/3rd of the way along a line from right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus at an area known as McBurney’s point.
19
Q

What are two prominent extensions of the peritoneum?

A
  • Mesentery - extension between parietal & visceral layers of the peritoneum
  • Greater omentum - pouch-like extension of visceral peritoneum from lower edge of the stomach, part of duodenum & transverse colon
20
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion - breaks food into tiny particles through chewing, swallowing & defecation.

Chemical digestion - consists of numerous chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that break down large, nonabsorbable food molecules into smaller absorbable molecules.

21
Q

What are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Carbohydrate digestion has been completed when STARCHES & double sugars have been CONVERTED mainly to GLUCOSE (monosaccharide).

22
Q

What must happen to a lipid before it can be chemically digested?

A
  • Must be emulsified by bile
  • Then pancreatic lipase splits up the fat molecules into fatty acids & glycerol to be absorbed.