skeletal system Flashcards
which bones make up the axial
face bones, cranium, sternum, ribs and vertebrae
which bones make up the appendicular
arms, legs, shoulder region and pelvis
functions and examples of long bones
movement, blood cell production, support and leverage
femur and humerus
functions and examples of short bones
provide a controlled movement, weight bearing
carpals and tarsals
functions and examples of flat bones
protect vital organs and allow muscle attachment
cranium and ribs
functions of an irregular bone and an example
movement and protection
vertebrae
functions and example of a sesamoid bone
reduces friction and protection
patella
give the order of bones in the spine and their numbers
- cervical x7
- thoracic x12
- lumbar x5
- sacral x5
- coccygeal x4
give the definition of kyphosis
an excessive outward curve in the thoracic region resulting in a ‘hunchback’ look
what can kyphosis be caused by
poor posture, arthritis or tumours
give the definition of scoliosis
a lateral curvature left or right in the thoracic region
where is scoliosis most common
in children, exact reasoning for it is unknown however may be inheritable oiklj
what is ossification
the process of bone growth
what do osteoblasts and osteoclasts do
osteoblasts - take calcium to the bones
osteoblasts - take calcium away from the bones
what happens to osteoblast activity when you exercise and what does it result in
during exercise, osteoblast activity increases and so bones become stronger. More calcium will also be stored so there is a reduced risk of osteoporosis
what are the three types of joints
fixed/fibrous
slightly moveable/cartigilous
synovial
what are the types of synovial joints
- hinge
- ball and socket
- condyloid
- gliding
- saddle
- pivot
hinge joint
- knee and elbow
- allows movement in one direction
- knee bending when running
ball and socket
- hip and shoulder
- allows movement in all directions
- throwing an object
condyloid
- wrists and fingers
- allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
- dribbling the ball
gliding
- carpals and tarsals
- formed between bones which glide over each other
- sliding/twisting movement
- dribbling in hockey
pivot
- atlas and axis which create a pivot
- rotation
saddle
same as condyloid
what is lateral flexion
a sideways movement while reducing the angle
what is hyper extension
moving the body beyond its normal point
what is horizontal flexion
bending arm whilst in front of body
what is horizontal extension
extending arm whilst in front of body
what is abduction
away from midline
what is adduction
towards the midline
definition of rotation
movement in a circular motion
what is lateral and medial rotation
lateral - turning away from midline
medial - turning towards midline
what is the definition of circumduction
circular movement in a conical motion
what are the acute responses of exercise on the skeletal system
- increased mineral uptake
- increased release of synovial fluid
- synovial fluid becomes less viscous
what are the chronic responses of exercise on the skeletal system
- increased bone strength due to more calcium
- increased ligament and tendon strength
function of the skeleton: movement
this creates a supporting framework allowing the body to maintain its shape
muscle that attach to the skeleton will provide movement as they contract, joints between bones will also create movement
function of the skeleton: leverage
the longer your limbs are will determine how tall you are and the amount of leverage
the taller you are the more leverage you will have and therefore the greater rand of movement
function of the skeleton:
