cardiovasular system

Question 1

give the role of arteries and their properties

Answer 1

• takes oxygenated blood away from the heart
• thick muscular walls
• high pressure
• elastic and can contract
• no valves

Question 2

give the role and properties of veins

Answer 2

• takes oxygenated blood to the heart
• thinner walls
• low pressure
• have valves
• found on the surface of the skin

Question 3

what do red blood cells do and what property allows them to do this

Answer 3

they carry oxygen to working muscles, they contain a protein called haemoglobin which binds to the oxygen to make oxy-haemoglobin
they have a flattened disc shape to give them a greater surface area

Question 4

what is the function of the plasma

Answer 4

a liquid which carries all blood cells as well as some carbon dioxide

Question 5

what do the white blood cells do

Answer 5

they detect and ingest pathogens.
they originate in the bone marrow but are stored in the blood

Question 6

what do fragments do

Answer 6

they help the blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding

Question 7

what are the three parts that make up the hearts electrical system

Answer 7

1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. bundle of his and purkinje fibres

Question 8

where is the sinoatrial node located and what is its role

Answer 8

found in the right atrium
the hearts pace maker which sends a signal from the right atrium causing the atrium walls to contract and blood to flow into the ventricles

Question 9

where is the atrioventricular node and what is its role

Answer 9

found in the centre of the heart
slows the signals down to allow the atrium to contract before the ventricles

Question 10

where is the bundle of his found and whats its role

Answer 10

found in the walls of the ventricles and the septum
they carry the signals from the atrioventricular node

Question 11

where can the purkinje fibres be found and whats its job

Answer 11

branches off of the bundle of his
allows the ventricles to contract

Question 12

what is the pathway of blood through the heart

Answer 12

• vena cava
• right atrium
• tricuspid valve
• right ventricle
• pulmonary semilunar valve
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary vein
• left atrium
• bicuspid valve
• left ventricle
• aortic semilunar valve
• aorta

Question 13

what are the acute responses to exercise

Answer 13

1. anticipatory rise in heart rate
2. increased heart rate
3. increased cardiac output (amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute)
4. increased blood pressure
5. redirection of blood

Question 14

what are the chronic adaptations to exercise

Answer 14

1. cardiac hypertrophy
2. increase in resting and exercise stroke volume (amount of blood pumped every beat)
3. decreased resting heart rate
4. reduced resting blood pressure
5. decreased heart rate recovery time
6. increased blood volume
7. capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli

Question 15

what are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 15

1. clotting blood
2. delivering oxygen and nutrients
3. removing waste products like lactate and carbon dioxide
4. thermoregulation
5. fighting infection

Question 16

anticipatory rise - acute

Answer 16

before exercise the heart rate will increase in order to prepare the body
this is carried out by the sympathetic nervous system as adrenaline is released

Question 17

increased heart rate - acute

Answer 17

during exercise more oxygen is demanded for the working muscles
medulla oblongata responds to the carbon dioxide in the blood by sending a signal to the sinoatrial node to contract more frequently

Question 18

how do you work out cardiac output

Answer 18

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 19

redirection of blood - acute

Answer 19

when you exercise the oxygen demands increase
blood is taken away from less important areas by vasoconstriction and taken to the working muscles by vasodilation

Question 20

decreased resting heart rate - chronic

Answer 20

as the athletes stroke volume increases, their resting heart rate will decrease without affecting the cardiac output

Question 21

decreased heart rate recovery time - chronic

Answer 21

a fitter person will take less time to recover back to resting heart rate as their cv system can adapt faster to meed to demands of the environment

Question 22

capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli - chronic

Answer 22

an increase in capillaries around the muscle and alveoli mean that more blood can be taken allowing a more efficient delivery (in the muscles) and a more efficient gaseous exchange (In the alveoli)

Question 23

delivering oxygen and nutrients (function)

Answer 23

oxygen and nutrients are delivered by the blood
during exercise the demands for oxygen increase and so if the cv system cannot keep up then performance levels will drop due to carbon dioxide being built up

Question 24

removing waste products (function)

Answer 24

carbon dioxide and lactate are waste products which get removed from the muscles into the liver and kidneys
during exercise it is important that this happens otherwise fatigue will occur faster

Question 25

thermoregulation (function)

Answer 25

this is the distribution of heat to maintain thermal balance
vasodilation: blood vessels will increase in diameter allowing a greater blood flow, body temperature will drop as heat in the blood is taken to the skins surface. During exercise, blood vessels in the working muscles will dilate to allow a greater flow of blood/oxygen

vasoconstriction: blood vessels get smaller to limit blood flow and so body temperature will increase as blood is taken away from the skins surface

Question 26

fighting infection (function)

Answer 26

white blood cells in the blood can fight pathogens and product antitoxins to neutralise pathogens
they originate in the bone marrow but can be found in the blood

Question 27

blood clotting (function)

Answer 27

platelets will form a plug over the damaged blood vessels, fibrin strands will then coagulate to strengthen the plug. This creates a fibrin clot to stop excessive bleeding