cardiovasular system Flashcards
give the role of arteries and their properties
- takes oxygenated blood away from the heart
- thick muscular walls
- high pressure
- elastic and can contract
- no valves
give the role and properties of veins
- takes oxygenated blood to the heart
- thinner walls
- low pressure
- have valves
- found on the surface of the skin
what do red blood cells do and what property allows them to do this
they carry oxygen to working muscles, they contain a protein called haemoglobin which binds to the oxygen to make oxy-haemoglobin
they have a flattened disc shape to give them a greater surface area
what is the function of the plasma
a liquid which carries all blood cells as well as some carbon dioxide
what do the white blood cells do
they detect and ingest pathogens.
they originate in the bone marrow but are stored in the blood
what do fragments do
they help the blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding
what are the three parts that make up the hearts electrical system
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
- bundle of his and purkinje fibres
where is the sinoatrial node located and what is its role
found in the right atrium
the hearts pace maker which sends a signal from the right atrium causing the atrium walls to contract and blood to flow into the ventricles
where is the atrioventricular node and what is its role
found in the centre of the heart
slows the signals down to allow the atrium to contract before the ventricles
where is the bundle of his found and whats its role
found in the walls of the ventricles and the septum
they carry the signals from the atrioventricular node
where can the purkinje fibres be found and whats its job
branches off of the bundle of his
allows the ventricles to contract
what is the pathway of blood through the heart
- vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve
- aorta
what are the acute responses to exercise
- anticipatory rise in heart rate
- increased heart rate
- increased cardiac output (amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute)
- increased blood pressure
- redirection of blood
what are the chronic adaptations to exercise
- cardiac hypertrophy
- increase in resting and exercise stroke volume (amount of blood pumped every beat)
- decreased resting heart rate
- reduced resting blood pressure
- decreased heart rate recovery time
- increased blood volume
- capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli
what are the 5 functions of the cardiovascular system
- clotting blood
- delivering oxygen and nutrients
- removing waste products like lactate and carbon dioxide
- thermoregulation
- fighting infection
anticipatory rise - acute
before exercise the heart rate will increase in order to prepare the body
this is carried out by the sympathetic nervous system as adrenaline is released
increased heart rate - acute
during exercise more oxygen is demanded for the working muscles
medulla oblongata responds to the carbon dioxide in the blood by sending a signal to the sinoatrial node to contract more frequently
how do you work out cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
redirection of blood - acute
when you exercise the oxygen demands increase
blood is taken away from less important areas by vasoconstriction and taken to the working muscles by vasodilation
decreased resting heart rate - chronic
as the athletes stroke volume increases, their resting heart rate will decrease without affecting the cardiac output
decreased heart rate recovery time - chronic
a fitter person will take less time to recover back to resting heart rate as their cv system can adapt faster to meed to demands of the environment
capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli - chronic
an increase in capillaries around the muscle and alveoli mean that more blood can be taken allowing a more efficient delivery (in the muscles) and a more efficient gaseous exchange (In the alveoli)
delivering oxygen and nutrients (function)
oxygen and nutrients are delivered by the blood
during exercise the demands for oxygen increase and so if the cv system cannot keep up then performance levels will drop due to carbon dioxide being built up
removing waste products (function)
carbon dioxide and lactate are waste products which get removed from the muscles into the liver and kidneys
during exercise it is important that this happens otherwise fatigue will occur faster
thermoregulation (function)
this is the distribution of heat to maintain thermal balance
vasodilation: blood vessels will increase in diameter allowing a greater blood flow, body temperature will drop as heat in the blood is taken to the skins surface. During exercise, blood vessels in the working muscles will dilate to allow a greater flow of blood/oxygen
vasoconstriction: blood vessels get smaller to limit blood flow and so body temperature will increase as blood is taken away from the skins surface
fighting infection (function)
white blood cells in the blood can fight pathogens and product antitoxins to neutralise pathogens
they originate in the bone marrow but can be found in the blood
blood clotting (function)
platelets will form a plug over the damaged blood vessels, fibrin strands will then coagulate to strengthen the plug. This creates a fibrin clot to stop excessive bleeding
