Skeletal System Flashcards
typically how many bones are in the body
206
what are bones connected by
joints
state the 5 main fuccntions of the skeleton
support
protect
movement/location
mineral storage
blood cell production
name the 2 cells involved in bone remodeling
osteoblast/osteoclasts
define osteoblasts
lay down new bone
define osteoclasts
break down old bone
define the term “woven” bone
Collagen fibres randomly orientates, formed in fetal development or in bone repair woven bone is remodddlled into lamellar bone
define the term “lamellar” bone
mature bone, Collagen fibres organised parralell…compromised of osteons
what 2 component make up the skeleton
Axial Sksleton and Apendiculat Sksleton
what is consisted within the axial skeleton (state the amount of bones)
CRANKUM/SKULL-22 bones
viscerocranium-14
neurocranium-8
VERTEBRAL COLUMN-33bones/verterbrae
Rib cage-(12 pairs)+sternum
what is consisted in the apendicular skeleton (and the number of bones)
UPPER LIMB
pectoral girddle (clavicle/scapula)
bones of arms and hands
LOWER LIMB
pelvic girdle (illium,ischium,pubis)
bones of legs and feet
discuss the structure of short bones
similar to long bones
bones of wrists and ankles
discuss the structure of flat bones (give examples)
thin, flat usually curved
skull ,sternu, scapula,ribs
discuss the structure of irregular bones (give examples)
irregular and don’t fit into other categories
vertebrae, sacrum
discuss the structure of sesamoid bones (give examples)
small, round bones embedded in tendons
protect tendons+increase movement
patella
define the structure of long bones
LONG TUBE LIKE DIAPHYSIS
-strong but some flexibility
-mostly compact bone
TWO EPIPHYSIS
-articulate surface for joints
-mostly spongy bone but compact on surfacs
EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE
-seperated DIAPHYSIS and epiphyses
-site. of growth
-once growths complete…plate ossifies…epiphyseal line
PERIOSTEUM
-covers outer surface of bone
-site of attachments for tendons
ENDOSTEUM
-lines internal surface of cavities within bone
define the term “joints”
place where 2 or more bones make contact
name the 3 types of joints
fibrous,cartilaginous,synovial
define fibrous joints
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
define carilaginous joints
bones joined by cartilage
define “synovial” joints
bones not directly joind
-bones have a synovial cavity United by articulad capsule
-allows movement…limited by shape of synovial joints
describe the “spine”
main axis of skeleton
consist of 33 bones
how many vertevraes are in the body
24 vertebrae
name the parts of the spine (and number of vertebrae) they consist
cervical (7)
thorassic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (5 fused veryeebrss)
coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
name the properties of the spine
-vertebrae stacked
-connected by joints
-form stable flexible column
describe the “body” of the vertebrae
large flat disk shape,flat surfaces face inf/superior
describe “pedicile “ of verterbae
foot of arch on either side
describe “foramen” of veetebrae
hole of spinal chord
describe “arch” of vertebrae
lateral and posterior walls of foramen
describe “lamina”
posterior part of arch
describe spineouss process of spinal chord
process where lamina join, site of muscle attachment
name the 2 joints between verterbae
zyagophyseal joints/invertabral disk
describe the zyagophyseal joints
-plannar joint
-allow restricted sliding movements
discuss the properties of the “invertebral disc”
prevent bodies rubbing
between vertebral bodies
acts as a shock absorber
enable limited movement in all direction
fibrocartilage
what makes up the “disks”
-external annulus fibrosus:fibrous sack
-internal nucleus:core,gel-like material
with increased age, what happensto the disks
they become compressed hence why people “shrink” and also “weaken” with age
what is the point of the 4 major spine curves
-accommodate upright posture
-allign body weight with limbs
discuss the primary curvurture of the spine (outward/kyphosis)
present in neonate, natural embryonic outward curve of back
discuss the secondary structure of spine (inward/lordosis)
-cervical-developed after birth when baby lifts head
-lumbar when child starts to sit and walk
discuss the properties of “cervical” vertebrae
small body (dislocation common)
bifid spinous process
have transverse foramen for vertebral artery
C1-atlas-no body or spineous process
C2-axiz-good rotation has dens to fit into atlas
C7-prominent spine process
describe properties “thoracic” veterbrae
-long process
-joint facets for the ribs on transverse process
define lumbar vertebrae
-large thick body + long process
-ruptured disks common due to weight of body
define “saacrum” of the vertebrae
-transverse process fused to form lateral part
-spineous process partially fuse to form sacral crest on dorsum
define “coccyx” of vertebrae
3-5 fused vertebrae
small vertebrae, no foramen or obvious process
easily broken if landed on
name the 3 unnatural curvesv
-scoliosis
-enhanced lorosis
-enhanced kyphosis
define scoliosis
lateral (sideways) curverature off backbone causes a-symetric posture
define “enhanced kyphosis”
excessive outward curvurture of the spine, typically in thorassic part, causing hunching of back
define “enhanced lordosis”
increased inward curvurture of spine typically in lumbar or cervical part e,G ankylosing, spondylitis
name the 6 components of the rib cage
head
neck
tubercle
angle
shaft
costel cartelege
describe the head of the rib cage
articular facet, forms joint with vertebrae bodies
describe the neck of the rib cage
between head and tubercle
ddescribe the tubercle of ribcage
forms joint with transverse process of verterbae
describe the angle of the vertebrae
lateral to tubercle, greatest curvurture but weakest partc
describe shaft of the rib cage
main part of rib and costal groove for intercostal nerve and blood vessels
describe costal cartilage of rib cage
forms joint with sternum
what is the “sternum” also known as
breast bone
discuss the properties of “maniburium”of the sternum
-jugular notch on top
-can bee felt at the root of neck
-clavicular notch for clavicle
-articular facets for 1st (2nd) rib
-joins body of the sternum at sternal angle with a “symphysis”
describe the “body” of the sternum
2nd-7th rib articulates with the sternum body
describe the xiphoid process of the sternum
sword shaped cartilage
describe “true ribs”
1st-7th pair directly attached to sternum through costal cartelege
describe “false ribs”
8th-10th pair they share a common carilingous connection to the sternum
describe the “vertibral body” that connect ribs\vertebrae
two demifacets on each side
two vertebrae together forms a “socket” ford rib head
describe the “transverce process” of the ribs/verterbae
one articulate facet for tubercle of the rib (costotransverse rib)
