Neuro System 2 Flashcards
Discuss the organisation of the nervous system
CNS
PNS
SNS
ANS
Central nervous system (CNS)
processes, integrates, stores & responds to info from PNS
Brain
Spinal cord
2) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All nervous tissue outside CNS
- 12 cranial nerves from brain
- 31 spinal nerves from spinal cord
detects stimuli & transmits info to & from CNS
somatic nervous system
-sensory functions
-motor functions
autonomic nervous system
-parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
list the cells of the nervous system and describe them
Neurons = nerve cells
- Excitable cells
- Receive stimuli
conduct & transmit signals to other cells
• Non-neurons = glial cells
- Surround & wrap delicate neurons
Support & protect neurons
• Synapses = contact between 1 nerve & another nerve, muscle, gland or sensory receptor
- Transmits signal from one cell to another
- Release of neurotransmitters from axon terminals into synapse
Discuss neurons and there properties
• Receive stimuli and integrate & transmit signals to other neurons or organs by electrochemical conduction
• Can live and function for over 100 years
- But lose ability to divide once functioning
• High metabolic rate so need lots O2 & nutrients
• Form complex networks
list and describe the 3 parts of the neuron
3 parts to neuron
- Cell body – contains nucleus, most reside in CNS
- Axon – single long thin process or nerve fibre
- Conducts signal away from cell body
- vary in length from mms to over 1 m
- Dendrite – short & can be highly branched
receive info from other neurons & environmentand transmit to cell body
discuss functional classification of neurons
- Sensory = afferent: action potentials toward CNS from organs
- Motor = efferent: action potentials away from CNS towards organs
- Interneurons or association neurons: from one neuron to another within CNS
discuss the structural classifications of neurons
- Multipolar: many dendrites & 1 axon
- most neurons in CNS & motor neurons
- Bipolar: 1 dendrite & 1 axon
- sensory neurons in retina of the eye and nose
- Unipolar: single process that divides into two branches – 1 to CNS and 1 to PNS. Part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors
- Most sensory neurons
discuss learning and memory
-give an example of a disease and describe it
-sensory memory (memory lost immeadiately)
-short-term memory (most is lost within a short time as new information is recieved or if person is distracted)
long term memory
-explicit: much is lost through time
-implicit:small amount lost through time
alzhimers disease-progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting many brain regions including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
discuss the limbic system
A-limbic cortex
B-hypothalmus
C-hippocampus
D-amygdala
1.attatch emotional significance to stimuli (limbic cortex, hypothalmus, amygdala)
2.regulating visceral to emotional stimuli (limbic cortex, hypothalmus, amygdala)
- Feelings of pleasure associated with achieving rewards (limbic cortex & amygdala)
discuss what can occu rfrom malfunctions in the limbric system
The malfunction of the limbic system can lead to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Many antipsychotic drugs block limbic dopamine receptors
discuss the hippocampus and amygdala
-infolding of temporal lobe
-involved in memory function and emotion
-both are components in limbic system
discuss the diencephalon
the thalmus makes up 80% of the diencephalon and contains approximately a dozen major nuclei, it sends axons to regions of cerebera cortex
contains hypothalmus
-endocrine regulation
-autonimic funtion
-limbic function
contains thalmus
-contains nuclei which act as relay stations for incoming sensory messages
-contains nuclei which relay motor loops
discuss the brainstem
The internal structure of the brainstem reflects surface features and the position of long tracts
-brain stem has conduit, cranial nerve and integrative function
discuss effects when brainstem is damaged
a mixture of cranial nerve dysfunction, sensory and motor deficits and lowering levels of conciousness leading to coma and death
discuss the cerebellum of brain
-The coordinator and predictor of voluntary movement
-It compares planned movement with actual movement, not just for you but for other people as well!
-It receives information from the periphery concerning the position of body parts. This is proprioceptive information and vestibular information
-Specialised movements – highly skilled behaviour
-implicit memory
list the main symptoms of dysfunction
-Disturbances are ipsilateral
-Ataxia – loss of balance
-Changes in muscle tone and posture
-Changes in trajectory, speed and force of movements
