Reproduction Flashcards
what determines Genetic Sex
-Determined at fertilizaion
-presence or absence of Y chromosome in sperm
XX-genetically female
XY-genetically male
-determines gonad differentiation
what determines phenotypic sex
-depends on gonad differentiation
-testis produce high levels of testtosterone “masculinizes” reproductive tissue
Describe the function of the reprodcutive system
REPRODUCE
-produce gametes=sperm&oocytes
-fertilization
-development & nourishment of fetus (female)
PRODUCTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
-development & function reproductive system
-development of sex specific body form
describe meiosis
1.parent cells
2.DNA replicates
3.2 daughter cells
4.divide further into another 2 daughter cells
list the structures of the female reproductive system
-opening of uterine tube
-uterine tube
-fundus
-body
-cervix
-vagina
describe the ovaries
fuction is to develop and expel an oocyte each month
-oocyte encased in graulosa cells + theca cells=follicles
follicles-mature in the cortex, there are several mature but only one released (400 released in reprodcutive lifespan)
secretion of progesterone and oestrogen
-follicular cells
-corpus luteum after ovulation
discuss “oogenesis”
BEGINS DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT
-oogonia suspended in prophae I of meiosis until puberty
-2 million follicles when born
-only 400,000 at puberty
SELECTION TO GROW
-complete meiosis I
-suspending in prophase II of meiosis
-ovulated
COMPLETE MEISOIS UPON FERTILIZATION
one oogonia=one mature egg
discuss the female endocrinology
FSH (follicular phase)
-Ovaries produce and release FSH in the follicular phase
-release the antral follicle
-oestrogen release is detected by the hypothalmus via blood stream and prevents more follicles from being released.
LH release (luteal phase)
-ovulation (oocyte released and corpus luteum formation
-progesterone released from CL maintaining endometrium
-no fertilisation of embryo=CL degenerates and progesterone/oestrogen levels fall.
name the 2 hormones produced by the Ovary and describe them
estrogens
-promote development and maintainence of female reproductive structures (endometrium)
-control fluid and electrolyte balance
-increase protein anabolism
progesterones
-to maintain the female reproductive structure and support pregnancy
Inhibin (not only in females
-inhibits FSH secretion
Describe the uterine tube and it’s components
receives released ooctye and pathway to uterus
-fimbriae
-infundibulum
-ampulla=fertilization
-isthmus
describe the uterus and its components
SITE OF IMPLANTATION
-fundus
-body (uterine cavity
-cervic
-anteverted
composed of three layers
-perimetrium (most outer layer)
-myometrium
-endometrium (functional and basilar layers, this thickens if feertilisation occurs)
discuss the menstrual cycle
Lasts between 24 and 35 days
-Day 1=menstruation
FOLLICULAR PHASE
-FSH secretion from hypothalmus=mature follicles
-maturing follicles=estrogen secretion
-uterus=vascularisation
OVULATION
-surge in LH (feedback from estrogen)
LUTEAL PHASE/POST OVULATION
-corpus luteum=progesterone secretion
-reduction in LH=corpus luteum degenerates resulting iin corpus albicans
-drop in progesterone=menstruation
describe the cervix
NECK OF UTERUS
-internal os
-external os
epithelial lining
-columnar epithelial cells superiorly
-squamous epithelial cells inferiorly
cervix allows secretion of mucous
describe the vagina and its functions
fibromuscular tube located between bladder and rectum
-10cm long
-inner mucous layer-lubrications
-outer muscular layer
functions:
-gateway to uterus
-passge of menstrual flow
-birth canal
describe the vulva and its components
mons pubis
-adipose tissue
prepuce
-skin fold
clitorus
-erectile tissue
orifice
-vaginal and urethal
labium major
-adipose tissue, sebaceous and sweat glands
labium minor
-no adipose or hair
discuss brest tissue
extend from rib 2-6, supported by suspensory ligaments
the non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed of adipose and collagenous minor
-mammary glands make up minor proportion of breast
define mammary glands
=modified sweat tissue
-connected to lactiferous duct
-15-25 cluster/lobes per breast
-each lobe connected to duct which open at nipple
what is lactation controlled by
-prolactin
-oxytocin
discuss the process of lactation
-the milk-transporting lactiferous ducts expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol and prolactin
what happens in response to progesterone with lactating
clusters of breast alveoli bud from the ducts and expand outward toward chest wall.
-breasts alveoli are lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells, or lactocytes
-milk is secreted from lactocytes, fills alveoli and is squeezed into the ducts
-the lactating female has 12-20 lobules organised radially around the nipple
-milk drains from lactiferous ducts into sinusues that meet 4 to 28 perforations in the nipples, called nipple pores,
describe the testis
located within the scrotum
-sperm production and temp dependnt
list the exocrine and endocrine function of testis
-production of sperm
-production of tetosterone
describe the seminiferous tubules (SE)
these produce the sperm cell with
-germ cells
-sertoli cells
what does intertubular space produce
hormones
describe spermatogenisis
germ cells form during fetal development
-stem cells (spermatogonia type A) go through mitosis them meiosis
74 days to mature
-one spermatogona=4 sperm
list an describe the hormones produced by the testis
TESTOSTERONE
-spermatogenesis
-development and function reproductive organs
-secondary sex characteristics
INHIBIN (not only in males)
-inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary and inhibits sperm production
describe the epididymis
monitors and adjus fluid produced by seminiferous tubules
Recycles damaged spermatozoa
stores and matures spermatozoa
-functional maturation (10-14days)
-gains mitility
-storage until ejaculation
describe the ductis deferens
long musclular tube= 30cm long
-epididymis, inguinial canal through pelvis
-transportaton of sperm
forms ejaculatory duct with seminal vesicles
-empties into prostatic uretha
describe the seminal vesicles
paired accessory gland
-posterior to bladder, lateral to ductus deferens
-muscular wall
secretion contributes to semen (60%)
-alkaline solution
forms ejaculatory duct with ductus deferens
describe the prostate gland
unpaired accessory gland
-size of walnut
-inferior to bladder
forms surrounding uretha
-prostetic uretha
secretion contributes to semen (25%)
-enzymes
describe the penis
composed of erectile tissue
-two cavernosa
-single spongiosum surrounding uretha
divided into different secretions
-root/bulb
-body
-glans
describe the inguinal canal
canal which forms during development to allow testis to descend into scrotum
opening in abdominal muscles
-superficial and deep rings
-common site for hernia
Contains
-ductus deferns
-arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics
describe the scrotum
pouch extending from perineum
-contains testis
divide into two
-internally=septum
-externally=raphe
smooth muscle controls elevation of testis
describe the urethra
urinary and reproductive pathway common in males and seperae in females
describe urethra differences in males and females
males
-20cm long
-prostatic
-membranous
-spongy
-travels from preprostatic urethra, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra then spongy urethra
women
-uretha is short
-4cm long
describe the pelvis nd its components
pelvic bone include
-ilium, ischium and pubic (+sacrum and coccyx)
-pubis anterior
-sacrum and coccyx posterior
pelvic cavity
-pelvic inlet and outlet
-shaped by bones, ligaments and muscles
joints
-sacro-iliac
-sacro-coccygeal
describe the difference between the male and female pelvis
female
-thin/light shallow larger
-80-85 angle
male
-thick deep and small
-50-60 angle
