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pdh ! > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of body’s structures and how they interrelate

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2
Q

physiology

A

the function of the body’s structures and how they work

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3
Q

superior

A

above

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4
Q

proximal

A

closer to midline

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5
Q

lateral

A

to the side of

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6
Q

medial

A

toward the middle

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7
Q

distal

A

further from the midline

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8
Q

inferior

A

towards the bottom

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9
Q

anterior

A

front

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10
Q

posterior

A

back

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11
Q

joint/articulation

A

movement

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12
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into left and right parts

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13
Q

frontal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts

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14
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior aka cross-section

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15
Q

function of the skeletal system: support

A

framework for attachment of soft connective tissue (muscle, tendons, ligaments)

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16
Q

function of the skeletal system: protection

A

internal organs; the brain, lungs

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17
Q

function of the skeletal system: movement

A

contraction of muscles pull on bones for movement

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18
Q

function of the skeletal system: mineral storage

A

calcium, phosphorus

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19
Q

function of the skeletal system: blood cell production

A

occurs in red bone marrow, vital for oxygen transportation

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20
Q

function of the skeletal system: storage of energy

A

yellow bone marrow is stored source of lipids

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21
Q

long bone

A
  • longer than wide
  • used for movement
  • aka levers
  • muscles pull on them for movement
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22
Q

examples of long bones

A
  • femur
  • humerus
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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22
Q

examples of flat bones

A
  • scapula
  • sternum
  • pelvis
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22
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin
  • function to provide point of attachment for muscles
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22
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • makes up limbs
  • role: facilitate movement and help limbs hold their shape
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22
Q

examples of short bones

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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22
Q

short bones

A
  • cube-like in appearance
  • uses stability and stabilises movement
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22
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • provides support and cushioning for brain, spinal cord, and organs
23
Q

irregular bones

A
  • irregular in shape
  • many protrusions
  • function as a site for muscle attachment
23
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A

patella

23
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • small
  • usually embedded within tendons
  • function to protect tendons from friction as they rub against bony surfaces
23
Q

examples of irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae
  • coccyx
23
Q

difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

A

their functions

23
Q

types of synovial/freely moveable joints

A
  • elbow
  • knee
  • ankle
23
Q

similarities between axial and appendicular skeleton

A

both provide framework for soft tissue attachment

23
Q

types of fibrous/immovable joints

A

cranial sutures between bones of skull

24
Q

types of cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints

A

intervertebral discs

25
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • occur where bones ends are joined by strong, short bands of fibrous tissue
  • does not allow for movement to occur
26
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bone ends separated by a disc/plate made up of very tough fibrous cartilage

27
Q

synovial joints

A
  • most relevant to movement in physical activity
  • range of movement characterised by following features:
    1. synovial membrane
    2. ligaments
    3. hyaline cartilage
    4. joint capsule
28
Q

synovial fluid

A

provides nourishment for cartilage and lubricates joints

29
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

covers ends of two meeting bones so they slide smoothly over each other

30
Q

synovial membrane

A

tissue that lines non-contact parts of joint capsules and secretes synovial fluid

31
Q

ligaments

A
  • strong, fibrous cords
  • attaches one bone to another
  • provides joint stability during movement
32
Q

tendons

A

tough bonds of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

33
Q

gliding joint

A
  • two opposed flat surfaces
  • slight gliding motion can occur between bones
34
Q

examples of gliding joints

A

wrist/ankle joint

35
Q

hinge joint

A

convex cylinder applied to corresponding concavity in other bones

36
Q

examples of hinge joints

A
  • knee
  • elbow
37
Q

pivot joint

A

cylindrical body process that rotates within ring composed of partly bone and partly ligament

38
Q

examples of pivot joints

A

axis and atlas in neck

39
Q

ellipsoidal

A

modified ball and socket joint

40
Q

examples of ellipsoidal joints

A

wrist joint

41
Q

saddle joint

A

two saddle shaped articulating surfaces

42
Q

examples of saddle joints

A

thumb joint

43
Q

ball and socket joint

A

ball (head) at end of one bone, and socket on adjacent bone

44
Q

examples of ball and socket joints

A

shoulder joint

45
Q

flexion

A

decrease in angle between bones at a joint

46
Q

extension

A

increase in angle between bones at a joint

47
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of body in lateral plane (being abducted)

48
Q

adduction

A

movement towards midline of body in lateral plane (adding to body)

49
Q

rotation

A

movement of bone turning on central axis

50
Q

circumduction

A

form a rotation where a limb rotates while proximal (make a circle with your arms)

51
Q

pronation

A

rotation of radius over the ulna - palms facing downwards

52
Q

supination

A

radius and ulna parallel - palms facing up

53
Q

plantar flexion

A

foot pointing towards the ground

54
Q

dorsiflexion

A

foot flexing towards the shin

55
Q

hyperextension

A

movement that takes its joint beyond normal range of movement

pdh ! (10 decks)

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