immediate physiological responses to training

Question 1

what are the immediate physiological responses to training?

Answer 1

• changes take place in specific organs and tissue during exercise
• when activity increases, body makes changes so enough oxygen and nutrient are being supplied to muscle to meet increased demands

Question 2

heart rate response

Answer 2

during short term (5-10 mins) moderate exercise/moving from inactive state will increase heart rate sharply

Question 3

heart rate levels for a fit person

Answer 3

HR levels off during protracted exercise, reaching a steady state –> period of time when oxygen uptake remains the same

Question 4

heart rate levels for an unfit person

Answer 4

HR continues to rise gradually as exercise is prolonged

Question 5

what is ventilation rate?

Answer 5

demand for more oxygen by muscles when exercising

Question 6

what are the two phases of ventilation rate?

Answer 6

inspiration and expiration

Question 7

what happens to ventilation rate during rest?

Answer 7

approx 12 breaths per minute, causing lungs to consume around 500mL of air per breath

Question 8

what is stroke volume?

Answer 8

the amount of blood discharged from the left ventricle of the heart during a contraction

Question 9

how is stroke volume measured?

Answer 9

mL/beat

Question 10

what happens to stroke volume during exercise?

Answer 10

• increases
• most increase evident as person progresses from rest to moderate intensity
• less change in intensity as increases to a high level

Question 11

what is stroke volume determined by?

Answer 11

• ability to fill ventricles by blood volume
• ability to empty ventricles as a result of ventricular contractions

Question 12

what is cardiac output?

Answer 12

• amount of blood pumped by the heart (out of left ventricle) per minute
• CO increases the same way as stroke volume, as it is a product of HR and SV

Question 13

what is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 13

CO = HR x SV

Question 14

what happens to CO when starting at a low heart rate?

Answer 14

more capacity to increase the HR = increase CO

Question 15

what happens to CO at rest?

Answer 15

at rest, CO of a trained and untrained athlete is relatively the same

Question 16

what happens to CO levels at maximum?

Answer 16

at maximum levels, trained athletes will have a higher CO

Question 17

what is lactate?

Answer 17

• chemical formed during breakdown of carbohydrates in absence of sufficient oxygen
• continually being re-synthesised by liver to form glycogen, and is beneficial in providing body with energy

Question 18

how are lactate levels measured?

Answer 18

millimoles/litre

Question 19

what causes fatigue?

Answer 19

• high concentrations of lactate
• high physical demands of work
• hydrogen ions