skeletal system

Question 1

what is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

axial is, the bones that from the longitudinal axis of the body.

Question 2

the bones in the vertebral column

Answer 2

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 fused
Coccyx: 4 fused

Question 3

where are the cervical vertebrae located?

Answer 3

in the neck

Question 4

what are the two first vertebrae?

Answer 4

C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)

Question 5

describe the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 5

Articulate with ribs
Larger than cervical vertebrae
Long spinous process that hooks sharply downward

Question 6

describe lumbar vertebrae

Answer 6

Much larger than other vertebrae to support the weight of the upper body

Question 7

describe the bony thoracic or rib cage

Answer 7

12 pairs of ribs articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
True ribs,1-7 pairs, articulate anteriorly directly to the sternum by cartilage
False ribs, pairs 8-12, articulate indirectly or not at all
The last 2 pair do not connect at all and are called floating ribs.

Question 8

the three parts of the sternum

Answer 8

Manubrium
body
Xiphoid process

Question 9

all the bones of the skull 7

Answer 9

lobes(frontal, partial, temporal, occipital)
mandible
maxilla
sphenoid
lacrimal
ethmoid
zygomatic

Question 10

what bone in the skull is movable?

Answer 10

mandible

Question 11

auditory ossicles(ear bones)

Answer 11

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 12

what is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 12

the limbs and the girdles which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 13

what is the pectoral girdle

Answer 13

the clavicle and the scapula

Question 14

what are the arm bones?

Answer 14

humerus(upper arm)
radius(lower arm, elbow to thumb side of wrist)
ulna(lower arm, elbow to pinkie side of wrist)

Question 15

bones in the hand

Answer 15

phalanges
metacarpals
carpals

Question 16

what is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 16

two hip bones.
Each hip bone is formed from the fusion of 3 bones:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

Question 17

what are all the coxal bones

Answer 17

sacrum
ilium
pubis
ischium
pubic symphisis

Question 18

the leg bones

Answer 18

femur(thigh bone)
patella(knee bone)
tibia(large bone in lower leg)
fibula(smaller bone in lower leg)

Question 19

bones of the foot

Answer 19

phalanges
metatarsals
tarsals

Question 20

what are the shapes of bones? 5

Answer 20

long bones- longer than they are wide, provides structure. femur
short bones- usually cube shaped, they allow multidirectional movement. tarsals
flat bones- larger surfaces for muscle attachment, provides protection for soft tissue. cranial bones
irregular bones- complicated shapes, provides support. vertebrae column
sesamoid bones- form with tendons, protects from friction and relieves muscle/tendon tension.

Question 21

the two types of bones

Answer 21

compact- dense, looks smooth, surrounds spongy bone
spongy- made up of lots of small bone pieces, lots of open space, at the end of long bones

Question 22

where is red marrow found?

Answer 22

spongy bone

Question 23

what is hematopoiesis.

Answer 23

hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells

Question 24

yellow marrow

Answer 24

found in medullary cavity and it store fat, calcium, minerals and phosphorus.

Question 25

how does the skeleton provide support?

Answer 25

it provides support because it is an internal frame that supports and anchors all the soft organs.

Question 26

how does the skeleton provide protection

Answer 26

provides some protection to soft body organs

Question 27

how does the skeleton provide movement?

Answer 27

it provides movement by the skeletal muscles attaching by tendons and the tendons use bones as levers to move body parts.

Question 28

what are fontanels

Answer 28

Spaces between bones of the skull in an infant
Commonly called soft spots
Fully ossified by 2 years
Allows for growth of the brain and skull

Question 29

what is ossification?

Answer 29

Ossification is the formation of bone from cartilage
At birth, bones are part cartilage and part bone
The skeleton is fully ossified by age 2 except for growth plates

Question 30

when are growth plates fully ossified?

Answer 30

growth plates are fully ossified by the end of adolescence

Question 31

what are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 31

-osteoblasts are bone forming cells that mature into osteocytes.
-osteoclasts are large cells that break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood.

Question 32

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 32

osteoporosis is weakening of the bones that happens with aging, and causes tissue loss in the bone.

Question 33

what is a hip fracture?

Answer 33

a hip fracture is actually a fracture at the proximal end of the femur near the hip.

Question 34

what are joints?

Answer 34

joints are where two bones meet, and it holds the bones together but also gives mobility

Question 35

what are the three joint types?

Answer 35

fibrous, no movement. skull
cartilaginous, slightly moveable. vertebrae
synovial, bones separated by a cavity filled with synovial fluid, the most movement.

Question 36

what are the 4 parts of synovial joints?

Answer 36

1. articular cartilage- like a layer of cartilage over the head of the bone.
2. fibrous articular capsule- an outer layer around the membrane and synovial fluid and it touches both bones
3. the joint cavity- the cavity contains the synovial fluid and the fluid fills the space between the two bones
4. this is all reinforced by ligaments

Question 37

types of synovial joints

Answer 37

ball and socket joints- most moveable, found in the hip and shoulder
pivot joints- allow rotary movement on a single axis, A cylinder shaped bone rotates inside a ligament that forms a ring around the bone. like the radius and ulna
hinge joint- Allows movement back and forth on one plane. Made up of two or more bones covered with cartilage and lubricated with synovial fluid. like the elbow

Question 38

what is cartilage?

Answer 38

it is a firm tissue that is softer and more flexible then bone, its often found between bones, it cushions the bones and enhances their flexibility and resiliency.

Question 39

what are ligaments?

Answer 39

ligaments connect bone to bone, they also help stabilize joints by preventing twisting or dislocation.

Question 40

what are tendons?

Answer 40

tendons attach muscle to bone, they move our joints when they contract.
the Achilles tendon is the strongest and it attaches the calf muscle to the heel.
tendon tears take a long time to heel cause they have lower blood supply than muscle.