immune system

Question 1

what is the function of the immune system?

Answer 1

to fight infections through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells.

Question 2

what is a disease?

Answer 2

A disease is any change other than an injury that disrupts the normal functions of the body.

Question 3

What are Lymph Nodes and what is their function?

Answer 3

Lymph Nodes are small bean shaped structures, they act as filters, trapping microorganisms and even cancer cells that cause disease, they produce and store cells that fight infection and disease.

Question 4

what is the function of the spleen?where is it located?

Answer 4

the function of the spleen is to carry phagocytes that engulf and destroy microorganisms. it also helps cleanse the body by removing old/damaged blood cells and regulates blood quantities. it is located under the ribs and above the stomach.

Question 5

what is the function of the thymus?when is it most active and why?

Answer 5

the thymus is where T cells are matured, and it regulates T cell development.the thymus is most active during puberty because all T cells should be done developing at puberty.

Question 6

how does bone marrow contribute to the immune system?

Answer 6

bone marrow contributes to the immune system because it contains stem cells that make new red blood cells white blood cells and platelets.

Question 7

What are white blood cells? list some examples.

Answer 7

white blood cells identify and eliminate pathogens, like Lymphocytes, Phagocytes, Mast cells.

Question 8

how does the immune system tell self from non-self?

Answer 8

the immune system tells self from non-self because cells have antigens on their outer surface that are like ID tags.

Question 9

what is innate immunity?

Answer 9

innate immunity is, nonspecific defences that work the same regardless of the source of infection. it fights against foreign bodys, injuries, pathogens.

Question 10

know each type of cell in the inflammatory response and what it contributes.

4

Answer 10

Phagocytes- they release proteins that increase blood vessel permeability, allowing fluid to pass through.
Mast cells- they release histamine which causes blood cells to get leaky so other immune cells can leave the blood stream to get to the site of infection
Dendritic cells- they process and present antigens to t cells to trigger adaptive immunity
Natural Killer cells- they release perforin which causes pores to form in the cell membrane of the infected cell. this allows other immune cells to enter which includes cell apoptosis.

Question 11

when does adaptive immunity kick in?

Answer 11

adaptive immunity begins if the innate immunity response was unable to destroy pathogens.

Question 12

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 12

the two types are humoral immune response and cell mediated immune response.

Question 13

what is the humoral immune response also known as?

Answer 13

it is also known as the antibody immune response.

Question 14

what does the term activated refer to in adaptive immunity?

Answer 14

the term activated refers to when the cell begins cloning itself.

Question 15

what are activated B cells referred to as?

Answer 15

activated B cells/plasma cells, produce billions of antibodies that attach to the antigens of specific invaders.

Question 16

how is a disease spread?

Answer 16

diseases can be spread by,
-physical touch
-contaminated food and water
-infected animals(infectors)

Question 17

what produces disease give an example of each.

Answer 17

-pathogens like bacteria
-material in environment like pollution
-genetics like colour blindness

Question 18

what is the difference between B and T lymphocytes?

Answer 18

B lymphocytes make antibodies that mark the cells
T lymphocytes destroy/kill infected cells/cancer cells

Question 19

what are phagocytes and what is their function, provide examples

Answer 19

phagocytes are, cells that surround absorb and break down pathogens. like monocytes and macrophages.

Question 20

compare and contrast dendritic cells and B lymphocytes

Answer 20

Dendritic cells process and present antigens to T cells to trigger
adaptive immunity. B lymphocytes make antibodies. dendritics triggers the destruction of invading pathogens, B lymphocytes use antibodies to mark cells.

Question 21

what is acquired immunity? explain the different subsections

Answer 21

acquired immunity is immunity you developed during your life, active immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or getting a vaccine (natural and artificial), passive immunity is immunity you can acquire from someone or something else (natural mother to baby, artificial immune serum)

Question 22

what are your 3 lines of defence?

Answer 22

• the first line of defence is to keep pathogens out of the body, this includes the mucus membrane which acts as a barrier and body secretions.
• second line of defence is to protect against pathogens that are able to enter the body or injuries. this uses this inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, fever, interferon.
• third line of defence is adaptive immunity.

Question 23

list examples of the first line of defence.

Answer 23

• skin
• saliva
• mucus
• stomach acid

Question 24

list examples of body secretions and what they contribute

Answer 24

• mucus, traps pathogens
• stomach acid, kills pathogens
• oil/sweat, produce acid that kills bacteria.

Question 25

what is interferon and how does it work?

Answer 25

interferon is, a group of proteins produced by virus infected cells, they help other cells resist viral infection, they stop viral replication, and trigger natural killer cells and phagocytes. this slows down the infection and gives the other defences time to respond. they can also be made in a lab and given to patients.

Question 26

what are the cells involved in adaptive immunity and what do they contribute?

Answer 26

B cells, they label invaders
plasma cells, release antibodies when triggered
cytotoxic T cells, attack and kill infected cells
surpressor t cells, inhibit activation of B and T cells
memory B and T cells, respond when exposed to antigen again.

Question 27

explain the humoral immune response

Answer 27

the humoral immune response uses antibodies, a pathogen with a specific antigen will cause the right b cell to become activated, which will produce billions of antibodies that will attach to the antigens of specific invaders, they will then deactivate the antigens or mark them for other immune cells to destroy. then memory b cells will form so the body is prepared for next time.

Question 28

explain the cell mediated immune response

Answer 28

the cell mediated immune response happens when cells become infected with a specific pathogen, cytotoxic t cells become activated and clone themselves, then the cytotoxic t cells search out and kill any cell that has been infected with that specific pathogen.

Question 29

what are allergies and what are some symptoms?

Answer 29

allergies occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance that doesn’t cause a reaction in most people. some symptoms are, rash, itching, runny nose, red eyes.

Question 30

compare and contrast antigens and antibodies

Answer 30

antigens are substances that provoke an immune response, they cause diseases or allergic reactions, they are found inside and outside of the body, and they exist on most types of cells.
antibodies are glycoproteins that are secreted by immune cells, in response to an antigen, they protect the body from disease, they are found inside the body, and they are only found in B lymphocytes.