reproductive system

Question 1

what are the two parts of the male reproductive system that are external?

Answer 1

The two parts of the male reproductive System that are external are, the scrotum. Which is a sac of Skin that holds the testes outside the body, the scrotum provides the ideal temperature for sperm production. The penis, which is a shaft of spongy erectile tissue surrounding the urethra, it delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Question 2

what is the structure of sperm and the function of each three parts?

Answer 2

the structure of sperm, the head, which contains DNA, the Acrosome, which contains enzymes that penetrate the protective layer around the ovum, Mitochondria, which provides energy for swimming.

Question 3

what is polyspermy and how is it prevented?

Answer 3

Polyspermy is when more than one sperm penetrates the oocyte. it can be prevented by depolarization occurring, as it prevents other sperm from entering.

Question 4

how is testosterone produced and where?

Answer 4

testosterone is produce by, the luteinizing hormone which is produce by the anterior pituitary, it stimulates the production of testosterone. its produced in the interstitial cells of the testes.

Question 5

what are fimbriae and what is their purpose?

Answer 5

the fimbriae are finger like projections at the distal end of each uterine tube, they create a current that draws in the ovulated oocyte.

Question 6

what is fertilization and where does it typically occur?

Answer 6

fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei and is also called conception. fertilization forms a zygote. this typically occurs in the distal end of the uterine tubes.

Question 7

where does the egg implant?

Answer 7

the egg implants when it attaches to the endometrium and becomes embedded in the mucosa.

Question 8

how is the endometrial lining maintained?

Answer 8

the endometrial lining is maintained by the corpus luteum continuing to produce hormones

Question 9

how long is the average menstrual cycle? at what point in the cycle do menstruation and ovulation occur?

Answer 9

the average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. ovulation occurs typically 14 days after menstruation fist begins, and happens when a matured egg is released. Menstruation occurs when the egg has not been fertilized and the unfertilized egg and the endometrial lining shed from the body.

Question 10

what is the first fertilized cell referred to as?

Answer 10

the first fertilized cell is referred to as a zygote.

Question 11

what is a blastocyst

Answer 11

a blastocyst is what a zygote becomes after going through a series of rapid mitotic divisions.

Question 12

how do pregnancy tests tell if you are pregnant and why don’t they work at the moment of conception?

Answer 12

pregnancy tests tell if you are pregnant or not by testing the levels of HCG in you’re urine. they don’t work at the moment of conception because HCG is only secreted by the developing embryo, which only begins 1 week after conception.

Question 13

what is the function of the placenta

Answer 13

the function of the placenta is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the embryonic blood and remove wastes, it also secrets estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

Question 14

at what point in time does an embryo become a fetus?

Answer 14

the point in time when an embryo becomes a fetus is the 9th week of development.

Question 15

what is relaxin and what does it do?

Answer 15

relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta that relaxes ligaments and widens the pubic symphysis in preparation for delivery.

Question 16

which hormone triggers labour?

Answer 16

the hormone that triggers labour is oxytocin.

Question 17

what are monozygotic twins vs dizygotic twins?

Answer 17

monozygotic twins are when one zygote is split early in development. dizygotic twins are when two eggs are released and both are fertilized.

Question 18

when is the sex of the baby determined?

Answer 18

the sex of the baby is determined at the time of conception.

Question 19

what is menopause and what are some of the symptoms?

Answer 19

menopause is when ovulation and menstruation stops, usually around the age of 50, it signifies the end of child years, and some symptoms are back pain, hot flashes, weight gain, headaches.

Question 20

what are the symptoms and treatment for placenta previa?

Answer 20

placenta previa is when the placenta is lying too low in the uterus and may even cover the cervix. if it is present at the onset of labour a c-section is required

Question 21

what are the symptoms and treatment of an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 21

and ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, the baby cannot survive this and it can be fatal to the mother if not caught early enough. if it is caught early enough it can be treated with medication that will remove the egg from the body or if its caught to late then it will require surgery.

Question 22

what are the symptoms and treatment for endometriosis

Answer 22

endometriosis is when endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, it usually involves the ovaries, uterine tubes and tissue lining the pelvis, its often treated with medication or surgery

Question 23

what are the symptoms and treatment for a yeast infection?

Answer 23

a yeast infection is a common vaginal infection and it causes burning, itching, and pain with urination and this is treated with anti-fungal medication.

Question 24

map the journey of sperm from the creation to ejaculation including the accessory glands and what they add to the semen.

Answer 24

the journey of sperm starts in the seminiferous tubules, where it is created. then it goes to the epididymis, where sperm matures. then it goes to the vas deferens, where it goes through the three accessory glands. the three accessory gland are the seminal vesicles, these produce fluid that is rich in sugar, vitamins and other substances to nourish sperm. prostate gland, which secretes an alkaline fluid that helps sperm survive and swim more efficiently. cowpers glands, secrete mucus. then after that it moves to the ejaculatory duct, then into the urethra, then the semen exits the body.

Question 25

map the journey of the egg from the follicular phase to menstruation including the hormones present at each stage.

Answer 25

the journey of the egg, starts when the follicle stimulating hormone stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries, these follicles carry immature eggs, one follicle will continue to grow and release estrogen to prepare the endometrial lining for pregnancy. then the luteinizing hormone will stimulate ovulation and the oocyte will be released, after this the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum which produces estrogen and progesterone. after the oocyte is releases the waving fimbriae will create a current so the oocyte is brought to the uterine tubes where peristaltic contractions and the cilia pushes it along towards the uterus, this is typically where fertilization occurs. if fertilization does not occur the oocyte will travel to the uterus but it will not implant in the endometrial lining, instead it will be shed from the body through the vagina during menstruation.

Question 26

compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Answer 26

oogenesis is the development of female gametes that starts with stem cells called oogonia, in fetal ovaries. but spermatogenesis is the process of sperm production , which occurs in the testes, and it starts with primitive stem cells called spermatogonia. each stem cell produces 4 haploid sperm cells.

Question 27

what are the three stages of labour and what occurs during each.

Answer 27

the three stages are, dilation this is from the begging of labour until the cervix is fully dilated, this is also the stage that the amniotic sac ruptures and the head is in position. the second stage is expulsion, this is from full dilation to delivery of the infant. strong contractions every 2-3 minutes push the baby out of the birth canal. the third stage is the placental stage, this is usually 30 minutes after the delivery of the infant, the after birth will be expelled, this includes the placenta and fetal membranes.

Question 28

list all 8 of the hormones that were discussed in this unit and the function of each.

Answer 28

1. the luteinizing hormone, in females this is what stimulates ovulation, and in males it stimulates the production of testosterone.
2. follicle stimulating hormone, this stimulates the development of the follicle.
3. estrogen, stimulates thickening of the endometrial lining, it also maintains pregnancy.
4. progesterone further prepares the endometrium and also helps maintain pregnancy.
5. oxytocin, triggers labour.
6. relaxin, relaxes ligaments and widens the pubis symphysis in preparation for delivery.
7. HCG, is secreted by the developing embryo and it stimulates the corpus luteum to keep producing hormones to maintain the endometrium.